322 Borden et al.: Verbenone Against the Mountain Pine Beetle this contention, Progar (2003) successfully used verbenone pouches to protect trees in a park from attack for 2 years. However, because of park policy that prohibited cutting and removing infested trees, protection broke down over the next 3 years (Progar 2005). In 2006, operation of the IPM program at Lac le Jeune (potentially for another 2 to 3 years until the infestation out- side of the subdivisions had run its course) became the re- sponsibility of the residents and certain other stakeholders. Additional components of an area-wide IPM program were implemented, but not all essential tactics were pursued. The B.C. Ministry of Environment carried out a commercial har- vesting operation to remove all infested trees from Lac le Jeune Park during the winter of 2005 through 2006. The residents again removed all infested trees from their proper- ties, some paid for prophylactic spraying of uninfested trees with the insecticide carbaryl (Sevin XLR, Bayer Crop- Science, Research Triangle Park, NC) (Hastings et al. 2001), and verbenone pouches were deployed as in 2005. However, to reduce the risk of invasion of beetles from Crown land, the IPM program should have included harvesting of the adjacent Crown forest extending approximately 500 m (550 yd) be- yond the boundaries of the residential subdivisions. Although cutting permits were in place, the B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range did not ensure that this harvesting was done before the beetle flight in 2006. Assuming an average sevenfold growth rate of the beetle population, as in 2004 through 2005 (Table 2), with fully half of the trees on Crown land already infested, a massive spillover onto the residential properties would have been expected if harvesting on Crown land did not occur. A small survey in late September 2006 confirmed this prediction. Twenty-five trees were inspected for new attack at seven sites: two in Lac le Jeune Park, two each in North Shore East and Townsite, and one in Lookout. Of the 175 trees sampled, 89% were mass-attacked. This unfortunate outcome reinforces Progar’s (2005) conclusion that the optimal use of verbenone demands the full implementation of an IPM pro- gram, in which disposal of infested trees is a major compo- nent. Given this commitment, we feel that in addition to their use in rural residential areas, verbenone-based IPM programs can be efficacious against the mountain pine beetle in many other locations, most of them involving relatively small areas of high-value trees. These include resorts, campgrounds, parks, and private recreational lands as well as forest stands of high ecological and social value, e.g., wildlife refuges, watersheds, critical riparian zones, and other sensitive eco- systems. Acknowledgments. We thank the residents of Lac le Jeune for volunteering to deploy verbenone and for welcoming the postflight assessment of infestation on their properties. The research was sup- ported by Abitibi Consolidated Inc., BC Hydro and Power Author- ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture ity, Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Gorman Bros. Ltd., International Forest Products Ltd., Manning Diversified Forest Products Ltd., Millar-Western Forest Products Ltd., Phero Tech Inc., Spec- trum Resource Management Inc., Tembec Forest Industries Ltd., TimberWest Forest Ltd., Tolko Industries Ltd., and Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. LITERATURE CITED Amman, G.D., and B.S. Lindgren. 1995. Semiochemicals for management of the mountain pine beetle: Status of re- search and application, pp. 14–22. In Application of Semiochemicals for Management of Bark Beetle Infesta- tions—Proceedings of an Informal Conference. Salom, S.M. and K.R. Hobson, Eds. USDA, For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-318. 54 pp. Amman, G.D., R.W. Their, M.D. McGregor, and R.F. Schmitz. 1989. Efficacy of verbenone in reducing lodge- pole pine infestation by mountain pine beetles in Idaho. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:60–64. Bentz, B., C.K. Lister, J.M. Schmid, S.A. Mata, L.A. Ras- mussen, and D. Hanneman. 1989. Does verbenone reduce mountain pine beetle attacks in susceptible stands of pon- derosa pine? USDA, For. Serv., Res. Note RN-495. 4 pp. Bentz, B.J., S. Kegley, K. Gibson, and R. Their. 2005. A test of high-dose verbenone for stand-level protection of lodgepole pine and whitebark pine from mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacks. Journal of Economic Entomology 98:1614–1621. Borden, J.H., A.L. Birmingham, and J.S. Burleigh. 2006. Evaluation of the push–pull tactic against the mountain pine beetle using verbenone and non-host volatiles in combination with pheromone-baited trees. Forestry Chronicle 82:579–590. Borden, J.H., L.J. Chong, T.J. Earle, and D.P.W. Huber. 2003. Protection of lodgepole pine from attack by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleop- tera: Scolytidae) using high doses of verbenone in com- bination with nonhost bark volatiles. Forestry Chronicle 79:685–691. Borden, J.H., L.C. Ryker, L.J. Cheng, H.D. Pierce Jr., B.D. Johnston, and A.C. Oehlschlager. 1987. Response of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to five semiochemical in British Columbia lodgepole pine forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:118–128. Geiszler, D.R., V.F. Galllucci, and R.I. Gara. 1980. Modeling the dynamics of mountain pine beetle aggregation in a lodgepole pine stand. Oecologia 46:244–253. Geiszler, D.R., and R.I. Gara. 1978. Mountain pine beetle attack dynamics in lodgepole pine, pp. 182–187. In Theory and Practice of Mountain Pine Beetle Manage- ment in Lodgepole Pine Forests. Berryman, A.A., Am- man, G.D., and Stark, R.W., Eds. Univ. Idaho, Moscow,
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