326 Geyer et al.: Rocky Mountain Juniper Seed Source Test diameters, the analysis of variance (Table 2) was significant for differences among sources (P0.01) with heights rang- ing from 3.6 to 5.4 m (11.9 to 17.8 ft) and dbh ranging from 5.3 to 12.4 cm (2.1 to 5 in). The tallest trees in the top 20% had high survival (at least 80%) and were in the upper 30% of dbh (9.4 cm [3.8 in]). The largest diameter trees were from the New Mexico Source 8302, but survival was only 40%. The tallest trees had better survival (80%). Other Variables The mean value of the number of stems per tree for the entire planting was 2 with a range of 1.3 to 2.6 stems per tree. Only two sources showed a consistent trend toward a single-stem habit: 3312 and 3313 from northwest Wyoming. Crown den- sity was good for all trees planted. Values ranged from me- dium to dense for windbreak characteristics. The branch angle was mostly between 45° and 90°. A few sources (3312 and 3313) had a more acute angle. All surviving specimens appeared healthy after 23 years growth even under the drought regimes experienced the last few years in northwest- ern Kansas. Figure 1. Seed selection zones and seed source locations in the northern Great Plains. Kansas. To determine the reliability of early seed source se- lection, age/age correlations were computed for survival and height of source means at age 10 and age 23. RESULTS Significant differences among seed sources existed for sur- vival, height, dbh, number of stems, crown density, branch angle, and vigor. Each is discussed separately, but we also chose to identify more general patterns of variation by using cluster analysis. Survival Seed sources were significantly different (analysis of vari- ance) in survival rates through age 23 with a range of 10% to 100% (Table 2). Total survival across the planting was 72.7%. No specific patterns were indicated geographically, but the best surviving sources (70% to 100%) generally were from Nebraska, North Dakota, and Montana. The poorest source was from Wyoming (10%). No trends for survival were found with latitudes, longitudes, or elevations alone. Height and Diameter No specific patterns were indicated geographically for either total height or dbh. The mean height and dbh for all trees were 4.7 m (15.5 ft) and 8.6 cm (3.4 in). For all heights and ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture Table 1. Origin of 26 Rocky Mountain juniper seed sources planted at Colby, Kansas, in 1980. Source no. Local area state Latitude (°N) Longitude (°W) 3213 Tensleep, WY 44.10 107.50 3312 Muddy Gap, WY 42.35 107.46 3313 Rawlins, WY 41.80 107.22 4611 Big Timber, MT 45.85 109.96 4612 Columbus, MT 45.64 109.27 5311 Sidney, MT 5314 Culbertson, MT 48.16 104.52 5511 Towner, ND 5513 Towner, ND 5611 Larimore, ND 5613 Larimore, ND 5614 Larimore, ND 5811 Mosby, MT 5813 Mosby, MT 5821 Billings, MT 47.73 104.14 48.36 100.41 97.60 48.36 100.41 47.92 47.92 47.92 97.60 97.60 47.00 107.89 47.00 107.89 45.80 108.52 5822 Hathaway, MT 46.28 106.20 5824 Custer, MT 5826 Sarpy, MT 5846 Reva, SD 5847 Reva, SD 46.13 107.55 46.30 107.11 45.56 103.10 45.56 103.10 5851 Johnson City, WY 44.06 106.59 6411 Chadron, NE 6412 Chadron, NE 6413 Chadron, NE 42.85 102.99 42.85 102.99 42.85 102.99 6712 Casebier, WY 42.33 104.51 8302 Ruidoso Downs, NM 33.35 105.68 Elevation (ft) 4100 4695 7220 4265 4100 1970 2050 1475 1475 1150 1150 1150 2705 2705 3280 2790 2790 3935 3115 3115 4590 3445 3445 3445 5085 7380
September 2007
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