16 La France and Westwood: Assessment of Tree Banding Techniques females caught, which suggests that the Bug Barrier Tree Band was equally effective as the tanglefoot bands. At St. John’s Cemetery in experiment 2, the Bug Barrier Tree Band was not as effective as tanglefoot bands in capturing adult females: the bottom tanglefoot bands caught more females than the Bug Barrier Tree Band, and significantly more females crossed the Bug Barrier Tree Band than the tanglefoot bands. The female capture rates from experiments 2 and 3 showed that at least 25% of female moths cross the Bug Barrier Tree Band. Occasionally, females were found within the foam barrier beneath the band, which indicated that females were capable of crawling through the synthetic foam on the Bug Barrier Tree Band and were able to crawl under the barrier through bark crevices. Approximately 5% to 20% of females crossed the tanglefoot bands. It should be noted, however, that the tanglefoot bands were consistently overcrowded with males that females may have used as a bridge to cross the barrier. Tanglefoot bands were not completely effective at capturing females and more than one tanglefoot band may be required to prevent the majority of female cankerworms from reaching the canopy when the population density is high. The effectiveness of tanglefoot bands should be investigated over a range of cankerworm densities, because one tanglefoot band has traditionally been considered sufficient for cankerworm control. Perhaps the width of the tanglefoot bands could also be examined to increase their effectiveness. The Bug Barrier Tree Band was much easier to install and remove than the tanglefoot bands and required less clean- up afterwards. When collecting the tanglefoot bands at the end of the summer, it was noted that considerable moisture was trapped on the bark beneath the bands. This attracted other insects (e.g., Formicidae, Hemiptera, and Homoptera) and encouraged the growth of fungi on the trunk. There was less moisture, and no fungi were present beneath the Bug Barrier Tree Band. Several small, dead birds were found under the Bug Barrier Tree Band during the course of the study, and they may have been trapped while feeding on the insects caught under the band. There were no observations of birds attempting to feed on insects on the tanglefoot bands. Minor damage was caused to some of the Bug Barrier Tree Bands by squirrels. Presumably, squirrels tried to climb over the band, which resulted in the plastic shield being compressed against the trunk. It was observed that larvae were then able to crawl over the sticky barrier. The band had to be forcibly pulled away from the bark in order to rectify the problem. LITERATURE CITED Ascerno, M.E., and J. Hahn. 2003. Spring and Fall Cankerworms. The College of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota Extension Service. www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/ horticulture/DG0876.html (accessed 11/23/05). ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture Baker, W.L. 1972. Eastern Forest Insects. Miscellaneous publication no. 1175. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, DC. 642 pp. Envirometrics Systems, Inc. 2002. Envirometrics Systems, Inc. Web site. www.envirometrics.ca (accessed 11/23/05). Hiratsuka, Y., Langor, D.W., and P.E. Crane. 1995. A field guide to forest insects and diseases of the Prairie provinces. Special report 3. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB. 297 pp. Husch, B., Beers, T.W., and J.A. Kershaw Jr. 2003. Forest Mensuration (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. 443 pp. Ives, W.G.H., and H.R. Wong. 1988. Tree and Shrub Insects of the Prairie Provinces. Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, AB. 327 pp. Martineau, R. 1984. Insects Harmful to Forest Trees. Multiscience Publications, Montréal, QC. 261 pp. McGuffin, W.C. 1977. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). II. Subfamily Ennominae. 2. The Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 191 pp. Otvos, I.S., and R.S. Hunt.1986. Evaluation of three types of barriers to trap winter moth Lepidoptera: Geometridae) adults. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 83:27–30. Schneider, J.C. 1980. The role of parthenogenesis and female aptery in microgeographic, ecological adaption in the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harris (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Ecology 61(5):1082–1090. SPSS, Inc. 2000. SPSS 10.1.0 for Windows. SPSS, Chicago, IL. Tanglefoot Company, Inc. 2002. After All These Years, Tanglefoot Is Still “Sticking Around.” The Tanglefoot Company, Inc., Grand Rapids, MI. www.tanglefoot.com/ history.htm (accessed 11/23/05). Thorpe, K.W., R.E. Webb, R.L. Ridgway, L. Venables, and K.M. Tatman. 1993. Sticky barrier bands affect density of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and damage in oak canopies. Journal of Economic Entomology 86(5):1497–1501. Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical Analysis (3rd ed.) Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 662 pp. Acknowledgments. The authors thank Raymond Normandeau for assistance with the field work; Randy Gadawski and Martha Barwinsky, City of Winnipeg, Forestry Branch, for assistance with experimental design and site location; and Richard Staniforth and Andy Park, Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, for manuscript review. Funding for this project was provided by Envirometrics Systems, Inc., Manitoba Conservation, the University of Winnipeg Department of Biology, and the University of Winnipeg Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research.
January 2006
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