22 Gilman: Deflecting Roots Near Sidewalks Francis, J.K., B.P. Parresol, and J.M. de Patino. 1996. Probability of damage to sidewalks and curbs by street trees in the tropics. Journal of Arboriculture 22:193– 197. Gilman, E.F. 1996. Root barriers affect root distribution. Journal of Arboriculture 22:151–154. Grabosky, J., and N. Bassuk. 1996. Testing of structural urban tree soil materials for use under pavement to increase street tree rooting volumes. Journal of Arboriculture 21:197–201. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines (4th ed.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Kopinga, J. 1994. Aspects of the damage to asphalt road pavings caused by tree roots, pp. 165–178. In Watson, G.W., and D. Neely (eds.). The Landscape Below Ground. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Marshall, M., and E.F. Gilman. 1997. Production method and irrigation affect root morphology of live oak. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 15:84–87. ———. 1998. Effects of nursery container type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum L. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16:55–59. Nicoll, B.C., and M.P. Coutts. 1998. Deflection of Tree Roots by Rigid Barriers. Arboriculture Research and Information Note. 143/98/SILN. Arboriculture Advisory and Information Service, Surrey, England. Peper, P. 1998. Comparison of root barriers installed at two depths for reduction of white mulberry roots in the soil surface, pp. 82–93. In Neely, D., and G.W. Watson (eds.). The Landscape Below Ground II: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Tree Root Development in Urban Soils. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL. Peper, P., and S. Mori. 1999. Controlling root depth of post- transplant trees: Extension casing and root barrier effects on Chinese hackberry. Journal of Arboriculture 25:1–8. Rajani, B. 2002. Behavior and Performance of Concrete Sidewalks: Construction Technology Update #54. Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON. Randrup, T.G., E.G. McPherson, and L.R. Costello. 2001. A review of tree root conflicts with sidewalks, curbs and roads. Urban Ecosystems 5:209–225. Sydnor, T.D., D. Gamestetter, J. Nichols, B. Bishop, J. Favorite, C. Blazer, and L. Turpin. 2000. Trees are not the root of sidewalk problems. Journal of Arboriculture 26:20–24. Wagar, J.A. 1985. Reducing surface rooting of trees with control planters and wells. Journal of Arboriculture 11:165–171. Wagar, J.A., and P.A. Barker. 1983. Tree root damage to sidewalks and curbs. Journal of Arboriculture 9:177– 181. ———. 1993. Effectiveness of three barrier materials for stopping regenerating roots of established trees. Journal of Arboriculture 19(6):332–338. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1990. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 1475. www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ ushzmap.html (accessed 11/30/05). Acknowledgments. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series number R-10809. Thanks to the Great Southern Tree Conference and Reemay Corporation for partial funding. Edward F. Gilman Professor University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture
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