Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(1): January 2006 39 Niklas, K.J., and H.-C. Spatz. 2000. Wind-induced stresses in cherry trees: Evidence against the hypothesis of constant stress levels. Trees 14:230–237. Petty, J.S., and C. Swain. 1985. Factors influencing stem breakage of conifers in high winds. Forestry 58(1):75–84. Petty, J.A., and R. Worrell. 1981. Stability of coniferous tree stems in relation to damage by snow. Forestry 54:115– 128. Putz, F.E., P.D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo, and A. Aiello. 1983. Uprooting and snapping of trees: Structural determinants and ecological consequences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13(5):1011–1020. Roodbaracky, H.J., C.J. Baker, A.R. Dawson, and C.J. Wright. 1994. Experimental observations of the aerodynamic characteristics of urban trees. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 52:171184. Rowan, C.A., S.J. Mitchell, and H. Temesgen. 2003. Effectiveness of clearcut edge windfirming treatments in coastal British Columbia: Short-term results. Forestry 76(1):55–65. Rudnicki, M., Mitchell, S.J., and Novak, M.D. 2004. Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for three conifer species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34:666–676. Shigo, A.L. 1986. A New Tree Biology. Shigo and Trees, Associates, Durham, NH. 132 pp. Vogel, S. 1989. Drag and reconfiguration of broad leaves in high wind. Journal of Experimental Botany 78(4):941– 948. ———. 1994. Life in Moving Fluids (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 467 pp. Vollsinger, S., Mitchell, S.J., Byrne, K.E., Novak, M.D., and Rudnicki, M. Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35:1238–1249. Acknowledgments. Thanks to Elden LeBrun and Ethan Stewart of the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory for conducting the field portion of this work; Neil Clark (USDA Forest Service) and John Peterson (Virginia Tech Forestry Department) for analyzing digital images; and Dr. Bruce R. Fraedrich, Thomas Martin (Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory), Dr. Roger Harris, and Dr. Susan Day (Virginia Tech) for reviewing and commenting on this paper. E. Thomas Smiley, Ph.D. (corresponding author) Arboriculture Researcher Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory 13768 Hamilton Road Charlotte, NC, 28278, U.S. Brian Kane, Ph.D. MAA Assistant Professor of Commercial Arboriculture University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture
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