128 McKenney and Pedlar: An Economic Model for Threatened Ash Trees existing ash for a specified period of time before removing it, per- haps to delay removal costs until funds are available, to see how the local infestation progresses, or in anticipation of improved (or less costly) treatment options. Given that EAB control is a topic of ongoing intensive study, the concept of buying time is important. The model is available as an internet application (CFS-APM: Canadian Forest Service – Ash Protection Model, see: http:// gmaps.nrcan.gc.ca/apm/index.php). The tool has generated con- siderable interest and feedback from municipal representatives and homeowners providing motivation to continue upgrading the application over time. Although targeted at homeowners, it may be of interest to a range of other tree care professionals. For instance, arborists and consulting foresters could use the model to assist homeowners in making more informed decisions about the fate of infested ash trees. Municipal foresters could also use the model for decisions concerning specific trees; however, the EAB cost calculator developed by Sadof et al. (2011) is cur- rently better suited for multi-tree decisions. Finally, the model may be of use in forestry extension efforts that aim to educate the public on the various benefits associated with urban trees. Acknowledgments. We thank: Joe Meating for providing information on TreeAzin costs, application rates, and efficacy; Ken Farr, Jacques Ga- gnon and two anonymous reviewers for editorial feedback; Barry Lyons for advice on matters of EAB biology; Geoff McLeod, Bill Roesel, Jason Pollard, John McNeil, and Richard Ubbens for feedback on tree removal and replacement costs; Kevin Lawrence and Kathy Campbell for techni- cal support; and Saul Fraleigh and Darren Allen for assistance with the plantation growth equations used in the model. Any errors remain the responsibility of the authors. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, L.M., and H.K. 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Siegert. 2005. Emerald ash borer in North America: A research and regulatory chal- lenge. American Entomologist 51:152–165. Dwyer, J.F., E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, and R.A. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18(5):227–234. Herms, D.A., D.G. McCullough, D.R. Smitley, C. Sadof, R.C. William- son, and P.L. Nixon. 2009. Insecticide Options for Protecting Trees From Emerald Ash Borer. North Central IPM Centre Extension Bul- letin. Accessed 05/16/2011. Knight, K.S., R.P. Long, A. Smith, K. Gandhi, J. Rebbeck, and D.A. Herms. 2008. How fast will the trees die? A transition matrix model of ash (Fraxinus spp.) decline in forest stands infested by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). In: Proceedings, Emerald ash borer re- search and technology development meeting. pp. 28–29. Pittsburgh, PA. 23–24 Oct. 2007. Abstract. Kovacs, K.F., R.G. Haight, D.G. McCullough, R.J. Mercader, N.W. Sieg- ert, and A.M. Liebhold. 2010. Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009–2019. Ecological Economics 69:569–578. Krutilla, J. 1967. Conservation Reconsidered. The American Economic Review 57:777–786. McKenney, D.W., J.H. Pedlar, D. Yemshanov, D.B. Lyons, K. Campbell, and K. Lawrence. 2012. Estimates of the potential cost of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in Canadian municipalities. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(3):81–91. McKenney, D.W., D. Allen, S. Fraleigh, J.H. Pedlar, and K. Campbell. 2008. Growth of souththern Ontario hardwood research plantations. Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Information Report GLC-X-9E. 53 pp. McKenzie, N., B. Helson, D. Thompson, G. Otis, J. McFarlane, T. Bus- carini, and J. Meating. 2010. Azadirachtin: An effective systemic insecticide for control of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Bupresti- dae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103:708–717. McPherson, G.E., J.R. Simpson, J.J. Peper, S.L. Gardner, K.E. Vargas, and Q. Xiao. 2007. Northeast community tree guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-202. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 106 pp. Orland, B., J. Vining, and A. Ebreo. 1992. The effect of street trees on perceived values of residential property. Environment and Behavior 24:298–325. Portney, P.R., and J.P. Weyant. 1999. Discounting and intergenerational equity. Resources for the Future 186 pp. Prasad, A.M., L.R. Iverson, M.P. Peters, J.M. Bossenbroek, S.N. Mat- thews, T. Sydnor, and M.W. Schwartz. 2010. Modeling the invasive emerald ash borer risk of spread using a spatially explicit cellular model. Landscape Ecology 25:353–369. Sadof, C.S., L. Purcell, F.J. Bishop, C. Quesada, and Z. Zhang. 2011. Evaluating restoration capacity and costs of managing the emerald ash borer with a web-based cost calculator in urban forests. Arbori- culture & Urban Forestry 37:74–83. Scott, J.L., and D.R. Betters. 2000. Economic analysis of urban tree re- placement decisions. Journal of Arboriculture 26(2):69–76. Siegert, N.W., D.G. McCullough, A.M. Liebhold, and F.W. Telewski. 2007. Resurrected from the ashes: an historical reconstruction of emerald ash borer dynamics through dendrochronological analysis. In: V. Mastro, R. Reardon, and G. Para (Eds.). Proceedings of the emerald ash borer/Asian longhorned beetle research and technol- ogy development meeting. FHTET-2007-04. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown,WV. pp. 18–19. Sydnor, T.D., M. Bumgardner, and S. Subburayalu. 2011. Community ash densities and economic impact potential of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) in four midwestern states. Arboriculture & Ur- ban Forestry 37(2):84–89. ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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