136 Table 5. Most suitable applications for each method Method Tedesco Swiss French Italian CTLA Finnish FEM ICONA Norma Granada STEM Contato Removal Maintenance Applications Location TS/P&G TS/P&G TS/P&G TS/P&G TS/P&G/FA TS/P&G HT HT HT/P&G TS/P&G TS/P&G/HT TS/P&G TS/P&G Property public public public public public/private public public/private public/private public/private public/private public/private public/private public/private Difficulty low low low low low low high high medium medium medium low low Notes: TS = trees along the streets of town and cities; P&G = parks and gardens within city boundaries; FA = forests in urban areas around towns and cities with the purpose of providing amenities for the population; HT = special trees (individual trees may be considered important community re- sources because of unique or noteworthy characteristics or values) (Swiecki and Bernhardt 2001; Konijnendijk 2003; Konijnendijk et al. 2006) tics or values (e.g., heritage, history, landmark, legacy, special interest, significant, or specimen trees). As regards the type of property in which the trees are located, a distinction is made between public and private spaces. Finally, three levels of dif- ficulty are established with regard to the valuation procedure: low, medium, or high. These levels reflect the amount of data that needs to be collected and the complexity involved in obtaining it. Fabbri (1989), Simpfendorfer (1979), and Caballer (1989; 1999) indicate that when valuing trees within the private sector, the system of evaluation by means of capitalization (adjusted to different interest rates according to the criteria adopted) is more widely accepted. City administrators may become embroiled in legal claims with individuals or legal entities who are sanctioned for damaging tree specimens, and if the amount of these sanctions is calculated by applying a parametric scale that is not clearly un- derstood by the sanctioned party, there is a risk the sanction may be refused. For this reason, capitalization methods are the most commonly used in litigation for damages to public property. How- ever, in assessing damages for disasters (e.g., hurricanes, fires), they are effective due to their low implementation difficulties. Of the two basic methods of capitalization, the maintenance meth- od is preferable due to its lower data requirements (as it avoids the need to calculate both replacement and maintenance costs). Parametric and multiplicative methods are better suited for the valuation of trees within the public sector, owing to their simplicity, speed, and efficiency. The Finnish and Swiss meth- ods are equivalent, but the former takes into account a greater number of variables and gives a better idea of the size of the tree. CTLA and Tedesco are also very similar. The former has been applied since 1957 and has been revised on nine occasions, giv- ing greater reliability. The CTLA method can be used in both the public and private sector due to its flexibility (Nowak et al. 2002). The French and Italian methods are very similar, but differ in the price used to obtain the basic value (the former uses the replacement cost and the latter the nursery price). The Italian method is easier to implement due to the accessibility of the data used. ICONA and FEM are the best methods for the assessment of historic trees, as they include abundant information on each tree. However, the FEM approach is simpler to use, and as it is an additive integration method. FEM avoids increasing the differ- ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture Grande-Ortiz et al.: Methods of Tree Appraisals ences in valuation between appraisers. The Norma Granada and Contato methods can also be used in these valuations. One feature of both these methods is that they assess the health and aesthetic value of the tree (Table 4). The Norma Granada is a development of the ICONA method, although its third review has generated problems of implementation due to the lack of updated data. Jordi Chueca i Abancó (2012), a member of the committee for the third revision, maintains that it has been adversely affected by the lack of support from the Spanish Association of Parks and Gardens (AEPJP), which has failed to update the tables required for the assessments and has withdrawn them from its website, making it impossible to carry out a valuation at current market rates. The most versatile methods are CTLA and Contato. They can be used in more locations than others and in any type of property with a medium or low degree of difficulty. CTLA is the best method for forests in urban areas or around towns and cities for the purpose of providing amenities for the population. In conclusion, there are a number of methods with different types of application. The best method should be selected accord- ing to the primary objective, tree location, type of land owner- ship, and the availability of data. The methods with a higher de- gree of applicability are the CTLA, a simple parametric method, and the Contato method, a mixed method with medium difficulty. It is advisable to increase the efforts to objectify the correc- tion index in the case of both parametric and mixed methods. Acknowledgments. The writer’s would like to thank Ms. Prudence Turn- er for the linguistic revision of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Abancó, Jordi. 2012. AEPJP. 1990. Método para valoración de árboles y arbustos ornamen- tales: Norma Granada. Madrid: Asociación Española de Parques y Jardines Públicos. AEPJP. 1999. Método para valoración de árboles y arbustos ornamen- tales: Norma Granada: revisión 1990. Madrid: Asociación Española de Parques y Jardines Públicos. AEPJP. 2007. Método para valoración de árboles y arbustos ornamen- tales: Norma Granada: revisión 1999. Madrid: Asociación Española de Parques y Jardines Públicos. Aldous, D.E. 2007. Social, environmental, economic, and health benefits of green spaces. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on horticultural plants in urban and peri-urban life. Acta Horticulturae 762:171–185. Ayuga-Téllez, E., M.L. Contato Carol, C. González-García, M.A. Grande-Ortiz, and J. Velázquez. A new location index calculation method for use in urban tree appraisal applying multivariate data analysis. Journal of Urban Planning and Development (in press). Barbier, E.B., and G.M. Heal. 2006. Valuing ecosystem services. The Economists’ Voice 3(1):1–6. Bartensa, J., S.D. Dayb, J.R. Harris, J.E. Doved, and T.M. Wynn. 2008. Can urban tree roots improve infiltration through compacted sub- soils for stormwater management? Journal of Environmental Quality 37:2048–2057. Becker, N., and S. Freeman. 2010. The economic value of old growth trees in Israel. Forest Policy and Economics 11:608–615. Bergin, J., and C. Price. 1994. The travel cost method and landscape quality. Landscape Research 19(1):21–23. Bernardini, C. 1958. Accertamento del piu probabile danno conseguente all’abbatimento di un platano secolare. Genio Rurale 3:1–8.
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