144 Dahle and Grabosky: Lateral Branch Imbalance Harlow, W.M., W.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F.M. White. 1991. Text- book of dendrology. Covering the important forest trees of the United States and Canada 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, New York, U.S. 501 pp. Hibbeler, R.C., 2005. Mechanics of Material 6th Edition Pearson Pren- tice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S. 873 pp. James, K. 2003. Dynamic loading of trees. Journal of Arboriculture 29:165–171. James, K.R., N. Haritos, and P.K. Ades. 2006. Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads. American Journal of Botany 93:1522– 1530. Kane, B. 2007. Branch strength of Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana var. ‘Bradford’). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:283–291. Figure 3. Log-log OLS relationship between length to branch cen- ter of gravity (CG) and branch length for first- and second-order Tilia cordata branches. Log CG = -0.29 + 0.96 log length, r2 N = 124. Acknowledgments. This research was fund- ed by the TREEFund during the Tree Bio- mechanics Research Week and Symposium. We wish to thank the International Society of Arboriculture for organizing the research week, The Davey Tree Expert Company for access to the site and trees, and Tim Brown for assistance in climbing and data collecting. LITERATURE CITED Clair, B., M Fournier, M.F. Prevost, J. Beauchene, and S. Bardet. 2003. Biomechanics of bruttressed trees: Bending strains and stresses. American Journal of Botany 90:1349–1356. Dahle, G.A. 2009. How the hydraulic and mechanical properties of wood influence branch form in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Doc- toral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick New Jersey, U.S. 156 p. Dahle, G.A., and J.C. Grabosky. 2010. Allometric patterns in Acer platanoides (Aceraceae) branches. Trees: Structure and Function 24:321–326. Dahle, G.A., H.A. Holt, W.R. Chaney, T.M. Whalen, D.L. Cassens, R. Gazo, and R.L. McKenzie. 2006. Branch strength loss implications for silver maple (Acer saccharinum) converted from round-over to V-trim. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32:148–154. Falster, D.S., D.I. Warton, I.J. Wright. 2006. SMATR: standardised ma- jor axis tests and routines, ver 2.0. Grabosky, J., E. Gilman, and C. Harchick. 2007. Use of branch cross- sectional area for predicting pruning dose in young field-grown Quer- cus virginiana ‘Cathedral’ in Florida, US. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6:159–167. Kane, B., and E.T Smiley. 2006. Drag coefficients and crown area es- timation of red maple. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 36:1951–1958. = 0.95, Kane, B., R. Farrell, S.M. Zedaker, J.R. Loferski, and D.W. Smith. 2008a. Failure mode and prediction of the strength of branch attach- ments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:308–316. Kane, B., M. Pavlis, J.R. Harris, and J.R. Seiler. 2008b. Crown reconfigu- ration and trunk stress in deciduous trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:1275–1289 Kane, B., and P. Clouston. 2008. Tree pulling tests of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:101–109. Lilly, S., and T.D. Sydnor. 1995. Comparison of branch failure during static loading of silver and Norway maple. Journal of Arboriculture 21:302–305. Smiley, E.T. 2008. Root pruning and stability of young willow oak. Ar- boriculture & Urban Forestry 34:123–128. Smiley E.T., and B. Kane. 2006. The effects of pruning on wind loading of Acer rubrum. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32:33–40. Vogel, S. 1995. Twist-to-bend ratios of woody structures. Journal of Ex- perimental Botany 46:981–985. Vogel, S. 1996. Blowing in the wind: Storm-resisting features of the de- sign of trees. Journal of Arboriculture 22:92–98. Warton, D.I., J.J. Wright, D.S. Falster, and M. Westoby. 2006. Bivariate linefitting methods for allometry. Biology Review 81:259–291. Gregory A. Dahle West Virginia University Forestry & Natural Resources Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, U.S. Jason C. Grabosky Rutgers University Ecology Evolution Nat Resources 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, U.S. ©2012 International Society of Arboriculture
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