158 CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the long-held belief that compaction reduces O2 , lev- levels. Under otherwise consistent environmental condi- tions, trees will transpire more and be more efficient in converting water into biomass in lower density soils due to higher hydraulic flow rates. Therefore, in addition to minimizing compaction or alleviating it when preparing sites for tree planting, it is impor- tant to maintain sufficient available water for plant use. It is also important to investigate cultivar performance during the planning phase of any planting project. There are often noteworthy differ- ences in how different species perform in compacted soil types, even at the cultivar level, and therefore more research would pro- vide urban foresters greater guidance during the selection process. els were well within the acceptable range despite high ρb. 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