Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(2): March 2021 dramatically increased the leaf thickness of X. chry- santhus. In addition, reduced physiological attributes of photosynthetic and transpiration rates and stomatal conductance were found in the presence of PBZ. Reduction of the physiological capacity would reduce the amount of water loss through transpiration and help to enhance the water-holding ability of the leaves. Thus, PBZ would be beneficial for trees planted in harsh urban settings, which usually experi- ence water constraints due to improper soil conditions, drought, and heat. This study recommends the com- bination of PBZ and KNO3 as one of the treatments for X. chrysanthus under local climatic conditions where improved tolerance to environmental stresses is desired. LITERATURE CITED Ahmad Nazarudin MR. 2012. Plant growth retardants effect on growth and flowering of potted Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Journal of Tropical Plant Physiology. 4:29-40. 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Changes in leaf, stem, and root anatomy of Chrysanthemum cv Lillian Hoek follow- ing paclobutrazol application. Journal of Plant Growth Reg- ulation. 11:189-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02115476 Chaney WR. 2005. Growth retardants: A promising tool for managing urban trees. West Lafayette (IN, USA): Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. FNR-252-W. 6 p. [Accessed 2016 March 15]. https://www .extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-252-W.pdf Chorbadjian RA, Bonello P, Herms DA. 2011. Effect of the growth regulator paclobutrazol and fertilization on defensive chemistry and herbivore resistance of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37(6):278-287. Fernandez JA, Balenzategui L, Bañón S, Franco JA. 2006. Induction of drought tolerance by paclobutrazol and irrigation deficit in Phillyrea angustifolia during the nursery period. Scientia Horticulturae. 107(3):277-283. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scienta.2005.07.008 61 Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD. 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticultural Reviews. 24:55-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650776 .ch3 Gao J, Hofstra G, Fletcher RA. 2011. Anatomical changes induced by triazoles in wheat seedlings. Canadian Journal of Botany. 66(6):1178-1185. https://doi.org/10.1139/b88-168 García De Niz DA, Esquivel GL, Montoya RB, Arrieta Ramos BG, Santiago GA, Gómez Aquilar JR, Sao José AR. 2014. Vegetative and reproductive development of ‘Ataulfo’ mango under pruning and paclobutrazol management. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 16(2):385-393. Gopi R, Jaleel CA, Panneerselvam R. 2008. Leaf anatomical responses of Amorphophallus campanulatus to triazoles fun- gicides. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences. 2:46-52. Ju S, Xu D, Zhan C, Ji L, Yin T, Li Z, Lu Z. 2019. Influence of paclobutrazol on the growth and photosynthesis of Sequoia sempervirens seedlings. Journal of Horticultural Research. 27(1):21-30. https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2019-0003 Kishor A, Srivastav M, Dubey AK, Singh AK, Sairam RK, Pandey RN, Dahuja A, Sharma RR. 2009. Paclobutrazol minimises the effects of salt stress in mango (Mangifera indica L.). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 84(4): 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2009.11512549 Leigh A, Sevanto S, Ball MC, Close JD, Ellsworth DS, Knight CA, Nicotra AB, Vogel S. 2012. Do thick leaves avoid thermal damage in critically low wind speeds? New Phytologist. 194(2):477-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012 .04058.x Mengel S. 2007. Potassium. In: Barker AV, Pilbean DJ, editors. Handbook of plant nutrition. New York (NY, USA): CRC Taylor and Francis. p. 395-402. Mohammed NT, Awang Y, Ahmad I, Noori RS. 2016. Gas exchange, growth and flowering of Lagerstroemia indica treated with different concentration and application tech- niques of paclobutrazol. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 16(1):37-44. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2017.37.44 Morton SR, Stafford Smith DM, Dickman CR, Dunkerley DL, Friedel MH, McAllister RRJ, Reid JRW, Roshier DA, Smith MA, Walsh FJ, Wardle GM, Watson IW, Westoby M. 2011. A fresh framework for the ecology of arid Australia. Journal of Arid Environments. 75(4):313-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jaridenv.2010.11.001 Rodrigues LC de A, de Castro EM, Pereira FJ, Maluleque IF, Barbosa JPRAD, da S. Rosado SC. 2016. Effects of paclobutra- zol on leaf anatomy and gas exchange of Toona ciliata clones. Australian Forestry. 79(4):241-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00049158.2016.1235476 Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. 1998. Plant resources of South-East Asia, No. 5(3): Timber trees: Lesser-known timbers. Leiden (Netherlands): Backhuys Publishers. 859 p. Thomas TC, Thomas AC. 2009. The vital role of potassium in the osmotic mechanism of stomata aperture modulation and its link with potassium deficiency. Plant Signaling and Behavior. 4(3):240-243. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.3.7955 Umar S. 2006. Alleviating adverse effects of water stress on yield of sorghum, mustard and groundnut by potassium application. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 38(5):1373-1380. ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture
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