Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(2): March 2021 (Growing Degree Days 2020). The only listed GDD crawler emergence period to the authors’ knowledge is 1500, according to the New Jersey Department of Agriculture (Horticultural pests of regulatory concern, Vol. III: Scale insect pests [Accessed 2020 February 13]). Existing scientific literature (e.g., Frank et al. 2013) and information from state extension services note that product interventions should occur at the time of crawler activity for optimal efficacy. There- fore, the difficulty in managing this insect likely stems from issues with product application and the timing of crawler emergence and activity. Primarily, mistimed applications and/or the extended GS crawler emergence period of 6 to 8 weeks could result in crawlers being exposed to sublethal residual levels of product. Like all product applications, utilizing a product that has the least negative effect on local flora and fauna while suppressing the pest population of con- cern is the primary goal. While it may be necessary to apply an insecticidal product to reduce a heavy infes- tation of GS, the long-term goal of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is to maintain pest pop- ulations below a damaging threshold. In this system, the most vulnerable red maples to GS infestation are those present in urban environments with poor cultural conditions and exposed to abiotic stresses. Addressing these issues, such as improving soils through decom- paction and making necessary amendments (Fite et al. 2011), removing girdling roots that prevent water and essential nutrients from moving to the canopy, and practicing proper irrigation, may help urban trees increase vigor and ward off secondary pests such as GS, but further research needs to be conducted. LITERATURE CITED Backe KM, Frank SD. 2019. Chronology of gloomy scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infestations on urban trees. Envi- ronmental Entomology. 48(5):1113-1120. https://doi.org/10 .1093/ee/nvz094 Batra SWT. 1985. Red maple (Acer rubrum L.), an important early spring food resource for honey bees and other insects. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 58(1):169-172. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25084616 Bayer Crop Science AG. 2013. Flupyradifurone technical informa- tion. Monheim am Rhein (Germany): Bayer Crop Science AG. Braman SK, Chappell M, Chong JH, Fulcher A, Gauthier NW, Klingeman WE, Knox G, LeBude A, Neal J, White SA, Adkins C, Derr J, Frank S, Hale F, Hand FP, Marble C, Williams- Woodward J, Windham A. 2015. Pest management strategic plan for container and field-produced nursery crops: Revision 69 2015. LeBude AV, Fulcher A, editors. Raleigh (NC, USA): Southern Region IPM Center. 236 p. http://www.go.ncsu.edu/ NurseryCropsIPM2015 Buzzetti K, Chorbadjian RA, Nauen R. 2015. Resistance manage- ment for San Jose scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 108(6):2743-2752. https://doi.org/10 .1093/jee/tov236 Chen XD, Seo M, Stelinski LL. 2017. Behavioral and hermetic effects of the butenolide insecticide, flupyradifurone, on Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Crop Protection. 98:102-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.017 Cowles RS. 2010. Optimizing a basal bark spray of dinotefuran to manage armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Christmas tree plantations. Journal of Economic Entomology. 103(5):1735-1743. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC10077 Dale AG, Frank SD. 2014. The effects of urban warming on her- bivore abundance and street tree condition. PLoS One. 9:e102996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102996 Fite K, Smiley ET, Wells CE. 2011. Evaluation of a soil decom- paction and amendment process for urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37(6):293-300. Frank SD, Dale A. 2019. Gloomy scale, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Hemiptera: Diaspididae. North Carolina State Extension Entomology Insect Notes. https://content.ces.ncsu .edu/gloomy-scale-1 Frank SD, Klingeman III WE, White SA, Fulcher A. 2013. Biol- ogy, injury, and management of maple tree pests in nurseries and urban landscapes. Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 4(1):B1-B14. https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM12007 Ganjisaffar F, Andreason SA, Perring TM. 2019. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of insecticides on the pink hibiscus mealy- bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae). Insects. 10(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10010031 Gilman EF, Watson DG. 1993. Acer rubrum—Red maple. Gainesville (FL, USA): Environmental Horticulture Depart- ment, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Fact Sheet ST-41. https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree _fact_sheets/aceruba.pdf Glaberman S, White K. 2014. Environmental fate and ecological risk assessment for foliar, soil drench, and seed treatment uses of the new insecticide flupyradifurone (BYI 02960). Wash- ington (DC, USA): United States Environmental Protection Agency. 187 p. Grafton-Cardwell EE, Scott SJ. 2015. Citricola scale insecticide trial, 2013. Arthropod Management Tests. 40(1):1-2. https:// doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsv028 Growing Degree Days. 2020. Basel (Switzerland): Syngenta. [Accessed 2020 February 13]. https://www.greencastonline .com/growing-degree-days/home Hesselbach H, Scheiner R. 2018. Effects of the novel pesticide flupyradifurone (Sivanto) on honeybee taste and cognition. Scientific Reports. 8:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018 -23200-0 Horticultural pests of regulatory concern, Vol. III: Scale insect pests. Trenton (NJ, USA): New Jersey Department of Agri- culture Division of Plant Industry Nursery Inspection Pro- gram. [Accessed 2020 February 13]. https://www.nj.gov/ agriculture/divisions/pi/pdf/HPRC_3.pdf ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture
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