70 Jeschke P, Nauen R, Gutbrod O, Beck ME, Matthiesen S, Haas M, Velten R. 2015. Flupyradifurone (Sivanto™) and its novel butenolide pharmacophore: Structural considerations. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 121:31-38. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.10.011 Lahiri S, Ni XZ, Buntin GD, Punnuri S, Jacobson A, Reay-Jones FPF, Toews MD. 2019. Combining host plant resistance and foliar insecticide application to manage Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in grain sorghum. International Journal of Pest Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/096708 74.2019.1660830 Mach BM, Bondarenko S, Potter DA. 2018. Uptake and dissipa- tion of neonicotinoid residues in nectar and foliage of system- ically treated woody landscape plants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 37(3):860-870. https://doi.org/10 .1002/etc.4021 Nauen R, Jeschke P, Velten R, Beck ME, Ebbinghaus-Kintscher U, Thielert W, Wölfel K, Haas M, Kunz K, Raupach G. 2015. Flupyradifurone: A brief profile of a new butenolide insecticide. Pest Management Science. 71(6):850-862. https://doi.org/10 .1002/ps.3932 Quesada CR, Witte A, Sadof CS. 2018. Factors influencing insecticide efficacy against armored and soft scales. Hort- Technology. 28(3):267-275. https://doi.org/10.21273/ HORTTECH03993-18 Raupp MJ, Ahern R, Onken B, Reardon R, Bealmear S, Doccola J, Wolf P, Becker P, Mcintyre T, Laskowski K, Webb R. 2008. Comparing hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale control in ornamental and forest hemlocks. In: Onken B, Reardon R, editors. Fourth symposium on hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States. 2008 February 12-14; Hartford, Connecticut. Morgantown (WV, USA): USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. FHTET-2008-01. p. 203-211. Raupp MJ, Cumming AB, Raupp EC. 2006. Street tree diversity in eastern North America and its potential for tree loss to exotic borers. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 32(6):297-304. Rebek EJ, Sadof CS. 2003. Effects of pesticide applications on the euonymus scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its parasitoid, Encarsia citrina (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 96(2):446-452. https://doi.org/10 .1093/jee/96.2.446 Roditakis E, Stavrakaki M, Grispou M, Achimastou A, Van Waetermeulen X, Nauen R, Tsagkarakou A. 2017. Flupyradi- furone effectively manages whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomato. Pest Management Science. 73(8):1574-1584. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4577 Stamm MD, Heng-Moss TM, Baxendale FP, Siegfried BD, Blankenship EE, Nauen R. 2016. Uptake and translocation of imidacloprid, clothianidin and flupyradifurone in seed- treated soybeans. Pest Management Science. 72(6):1099- 1109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4152 Tan K, Wang C, Dong S, Li X, Nieh JC. 2017. The pesticide flupyradifurone impairs olfactory learning in Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) exposed as larvae or as adults. Scientific Reports. 7:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18060-z Chase et al: Gloomy Scale Management Tosi S, Nieh JC. 2019. Lethal and sublethal synergistic effects of a new systemic pesticide, flupyradifurone (Sivanto® ), on honey- bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 286(1900):20190433. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0433 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Alan Hyland (Walkers Ridge Home Owners Association) and Barbara O’Connell (Rock Hill Tree Commission) for facilitating the use of the red maples used in this experiment. The authors would also like to thank Patrick Anderson (Rainbow TreeCare Scientific Advancements), Tom Lillo, Ben Fletcher, Logan Johnson, and Austin Proctor (Bartlett Tree Experts – Charlotte, NC) for helping to deploy treatments. Thanks to Sean Henry for assisting in scale counts. Kevin D. Chase (corresponding author) Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories 13768 Hamilton Road Charlotte, NC, USA 717-353-4258
[email protected] Elden LeBrun Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Charlotte, NC, USA Chad M. Rigsby Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories The Morton Arboretum Lisle, IL, USA Conflicts of Interest: The authors reported no conflicts of interest. Résumé. La cochenille lugubre (CL)(Melanaspis tenebricosa) est un ravageur important de l’érable rouge (Acer rubrum) dans une grande partie de l’est des États-Unis. Les traitements actuel- lement recommandés pour le contrôle de CL sont efficaces lorsque les applications sont effectuées au moment approprié. Toutefois, il n’est pas toujours possible d’intervenir au moment adéquat. Par exemple, le propriétaire de l’arbre peut ne pas contacter les professionnels de la lutte antiparasitaire à temps pour faire le traitement au bon moment. Nous avons mis en place un essai sur le terrain afin de déterminer l'efficacité des pesticides pyriproxyfène jumelé à de l’huile horticole et dinotéfurane, ainsi qu’un pesticide relativement nouveau disponible sur le marché des plantes ligneuses ornementales, le flupyradifurone, contre la CL. Cette étude avait trois objectifs principaux: (1) comparer quantitativement l’efficacité du pyriproxyfène jumelé à de l’huile horticole et le dinotéfurane; (2) comparer le flupyradifurone avec ces deux traitements généralement recommandés; et (3) évaluer si le flupyradifurone est efficace lorsque les applications sont faites tardivement dans l’été. Nous avons constaté que les appli- cations de pyriproxyfène jumelé à l’huile horticole, dinotéfurane, et flupyradifurone effectuées pendant la période d’activité des ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture
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