82 Ow and Chow: Can Tree Roots Improve Infiltration into Compacted Soils? tends to get blocked over time, and this may impede upon root penetration. The data also indicated the importance of species selection when considering urban stormwater systems. While the construction and design of urban stormwater systems are fundamental, the choice of species should not be neglected. Species adapted to waterlogged conditions are expected to excel in urban stormwater systems. Tolerance for water- logged conditions can confer abilities to penetrate compacted, saturated soils, since soil strength is reduced under such conditions (Sairam et al. 2008). CONCLUSION Roots penetrated compacted soils, resulting in improved hydraulic conductivity. In the structural soil experi- ment, roots were found to have penetrated the geotex- tile. The woody coarse-rooted species, Pouteria obovata, improved hydraulic conductivity twofold when com- pared to the fine-rooted species, Calophyllum soulattri. The outcomes of this study, along with previous reports, suggest the importance of vegetation being incorpo- rated within urban stormwater systems to enhance hydraulic conductivity and potentially increasing their capacities to withstand higher volumes of water within a shorter span of time. LITERATURE CITED Annicka C, Ashley R, Viklander M, Nilsson K. 2013. Stormwater management and urban planning: Lessons from 40 years of innovation. Journal of Environmental Planning & Manage- ment. 56(6):786-801. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012 .706216 Armson D, Stringer P, Ennos AR. 2013. The effect of street trees and amenity grass on urban surface water runoff in Manches- ter, UK. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 12(3):282-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.001 Barbosa C, Fernandez JN, David LM. 2012. Key issues for sus- tainable urban stormwater management. Water Research. 46(20):6787-6798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.029 Barron O, Barr T, Donn M. 2013. 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Establishing street trees in stormwater control measures can double tree growth when extended waterlogging is avoided. Landscape and Urban Planning. 178:122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.landurbplan.2018.06.002 Imada S,Yamanaka N, Tamai S. 2008. Water table depth affects Populus alba fine root growth and whole plant biomass. Functional Ecology. 22(6):1018-1026. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2435.2008.01454.x Jin K, White PJ, Whalley WR, Shen J, Shi L. 2017. Shaping an optimal soil by root-soil interaction. Trend in Plant Science. 22(10):823-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.008 Johnson MS, Lehmann J. 2006. Double-funnelling of trees: Stem flow and root-induced preferential flow. Ecoscience. 13(3):324-333. https://doi.org/10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-324.1 Mullaney J, Lucke T, Trueman SJ. 2015. A review of benefits and challenges in growing street trees in paved urban environments. 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