Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(6): November 2007 395 damage to young trees by periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 2133–2136. Coffelt, M.A., and P.B. Shultz. 1990. Development of an aesthetic injury level to decrease pesticide use against orangestriped oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in an urban pest management project. Journal of Economic En- tomology 83:2044–2049. d’Eustachio, G., and M.J. Raupp. 2001. Application of sys- temic insecticides in relation to boxwood leafminer’s life history. Journal of Arboriculture 27:255–262. Doccola, J.J., P.M. Wild, I. Ramaswamy, P. Castillo, and C. Taylor. 2003. Efficacy of Arborjet viper microinjections in the management of hemlock wooly adelgid. Journal of Arboriculture 29:327–330. Figure 2. Percent of leaves severely damaged by Japa- nese beetles in 2004 and 2005 at four cardinal points of Tilia cordata trees treated with imidacloprid and un- treated controls. Bars represent means and vertical lines represent standard errors. Within each year, means that share the same letter do not differ by a Tukey test (P < 0.05). IMPLICATIONS FOR ARBORICULTURE Imidacloprid can significantly reduce the amount of feeding associated with Japanese beetles. Laboratory feeding trials clearly showed that Japanese beetles consumed significantly less leaf tissue when trees were treated with imidacloprid. Field studies revealed that severe defoliation caused by the feeding of Japanese beetles was greatly reduced by the ap- plication of imidacloprid. This reduction was seen during the year of application in which severe defoliation on treated trees was approximately 70% lower than on untreated ones. In the next year, when Japanese beetles were more abundant and defoliation was generally greater, imidacloprid continued to provide a 62% reduction in severe defoliation. This ex- tended period of protection should reduce the necessity for multiple insecticide applications for management of Japanese beetles on lindens and, likely, other amenity trees attacked by this important pest. Acknowledgments. We thank Chris Tierno and Kate Laskowski for assistance with the collection of data. We also thank Bayer En- vironmental Science for providing the imidacloprid used in the study. LITERATURE CITED Ahern, R.G., S.D. Frank, and M.J. Raupp. 2005. Comparison of exclusion and imidacloprid for reduction of oviposition Fleming, W.E. 1972. Biology of the Japanese Beetle. USDA Technical Bulletin 1449. United States Department of Ag- riculture, Washington, DC. 129 pp. Gill, S., D.K. Jefferson, R.M. Reeser, and M.J. Raupp. 1999. Use of soil and trunk injection of systemic insecticides to control lace bug on hawthorn. Journal of Arboriculture 25:38–41. Gill, S., and R. Reeser. 1999. Wax scale: Mild wintersbig problems. Groundwork April:13–15. Held, D. 2004. Relative susceptibility of woody landscape plants to Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Arboriculture 30:328–335. Herms, D.A. 2003. The enemy within: Understanding the biology and management of borers. Tree Care Industry. 14:8–17. Hubbard, J.L., and D.A. Potter. 2006. Managing calico scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infestations on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 32:138–147. Lawson, A.B., and D.L. Dahlsten. 2003. Evaluation of sys- temic insecticides as a treatment option in Integrated Pest Management of the Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca lu- teola (Muller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 96:1455–1462. Loughrin, J.H., D.A. Potter, T.R. Hamilton-Kemp, and M.E. Byers. 1996. Role of feeding-induced plant volatiles in aggregative behavior of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Environmental Entomology 25:1188– 1191. ———. 1997. Response of Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to leaf volatiles of susceptible and resistant maple species. Environmental Entomology 26:334–342. Potter, D.A. 1998. Destructive Turfgrass Insects. Biology, Diagnosis, and Control. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI. 344 pp. Potter, D.A., and D.W. Held. 2002. Biology and management ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture
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