Table 1. Basal (nonstressed) alterations to plant physiology of English oak (Quercus robur L.) at week 2 after paclobutrazol (PBZ) application.zy Parameter Membrane integrity PI Pn Total carotenoids (x + c) Proline SOD Catalase Leaf necrosis Chlorophyll a/b Total chlorophylls Control 2.23 5.81 4.87 117.1 213.4 845.6 0.1 2.97 82.1 2 mL (0.06 fl oz) PBZ foliar spray 1.79* 6.89* 5.11* 9.11* 140.4* 245.4* 1000.2* 0.4* 3.01ns 101.3* 4 mL (0.12 fl oz) PBZ foliar spray 1.89* 5.99ns 5.02ns (43:18:39) 3.45ns 7.85* 5 mL (0.15 fl oz) PBZ root drench 1.70* 7.00* 5.15* 139.0* 222.7ns 934.6* 0.0ns 3.00ns 93.5* 10.13* 145.0* 239.7* 2.89ns 112.5* 10 mL (0.3 fl oz) PBZ root drench 1.67* 6.17* 5.00ns 8.55* Percent change by PBZ −17.9–−33.5 +3.3–17.0 +2.6–5.4 Carotenoids (lutein:-carotene:neoxanthin:-carotene) 4.13 (58:17:21:4) 5.28* (59:16:22:3) 4.40* (61:15:22:2) 5.63* (56:19:20:5) 4.48* (60:17:20:3) +14.9–21.8 Xanthophylls (zeaxanthin:antheraxanthin:violaxanthin) 3.18 (45:17:38) 3.47ns 7.31 154.3* 251.4* 3.05ns 98.3* 1228.9* 0.0ns 1177.8* 0.0ns (46:15:39) 4.50* (42:18:40) 4.07* (44:18:38) +15.5–23.3 +17.2–22.3 +15.7–24.1 +4.2–15.1 +9.5–31.2 0–+75 –2.7–+2.6 +12.1–27.0 zTrees were placed under glasshouse conditions (22°C±2°C [71.6°F ± 35.6°F], 16 hr light/8 hr dark photoperiod and minimum 250 mol/m−2/s−1 photosynthetically active radiation at the tree crown). yMembrane integrity, PI, chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls, leaf proline, SOD, catalase, and leaf necrosis values mean of ten trees. Membrane integrity (percent electrolyte leakage), leaf chlorophylls, carotenoids, and xanthophylls content (g/g fresh leaf weight), leaf proline (g/g dry leaf weight), SOD (units g fresh leaf weight), catalase (mol/min−1 g fresh leaf weight). *Significantly different from controls according to least significant difference at P < 0.05; ns not significantly different from control value. PI photosynthetic efficiency; Pn light-induced CO2 fixation; SOD superoxide dismutase. Table 2. Basal (nonstressed) alterations to plant physiology of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) at week 2 after paclobutrazol (PBZ) application.zy Parameter Membrane integrity PI Pn Control 2.73 6.67 4.33 8.41 Catalase Leaf necrosis Chlorophyll a/b Total chlorophylls 137.4 228.5 901.5 0.0 3.34 94.5 2 mL (0.06 fl oz) PBZ foliar spray 1.99* 7.54* 4.75ns 10.60* 165.7* 266.7* 3.45ns 117.8* 4 mL (0.12 fl oz) PBZ foliar spray 1.80* 7.23* 5.27* 11.32* 166.7* 248.9* 3.32ns 123.1* 5 mL (0.15 fl oz) PBZ root drench 2.33* 6.88ns 4.81ns 11.88* 172.1* 271.5* 3.23ns 132.5* 10 mL (0.3 fl oz) PBZ root drench 2.17* 7.38* 4.49ns 11.13* 159.3ns 302.8* 3.15ns 126.5* Percent change by PBZ –14.6–34.1 +3.0–11.5 +3.6–17.8 Carotenoids (lutein:-carotene:neoxanthin:-carotene) 4.97 (60:16:21:3) 6.52* (62:14:22:2) 7.23* (59:16:21:4) 7.35* (60:18:20:2) 7.08* (57:19:21:3) +19.9–24.9 Xanthophylls (zeaxanthin:antheraxanthin:violaxanthin) 3.43 (44:17:39) 4.08* (40:17:43) 4.09* (44:19:37) 4.53* (44:17:39) 4.04* (41:19:40) +13.2–16.3 Total carotenoids (x + c) Proline SOD 1243.4* 0.0ns 1338.9* 0.0ns 1435.6* 0.0ns 1269.0* 0.0ns +18.6–22.4 +13.7–20.2 +8.2–24.5 +27.5–37.2 0 –5.6–+3.2 +19.8–28.6 zTrees were placed under glasshouse conditions (22°C±2°C [71.6°F ± 35.6°F], 16 hr light/8 hr dark photoperiod and minimum 250 mol/m−2/s−1 photosynthetically active radiation at the tree crown). yMembrane integrity, PI, chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls, leaf proline, SOD, catalase, and leaf necrosis values mean of ten trees. Membrane integrity (percent electrolyte leakage), leaf chlorophylls, carotenoids, and xanthophylls content (g/g fresh leaf weight), leaf proline (g/g dry leaf weight), SOD (units g fresh leaf weight), catalase (mol/min−1 g fresh leaf weight). *Significantly different from controls according to least significant difference at P < 0.05; ns not significantly different from control value. PI photosynthetic efficiency; Pn light-induced CO2 fixation; SOD superoxide dismutase. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(6): November 2007 401 ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture
November 2007
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