414 Gonthier and Nicolotti: Identifying Common Wood Decay Fungal Species between European specimens of these two species, based both on morphological and molecular traits, were previously reported (Breitenbach and Kränzlin 1986; Hong and Jung 2004; Guglielmo 2005). However, a reasonable confusion between these two species could be acceptable in tree hazard assessment, because the decay they cause seems to affect in a similar manner the tree stability (Lonsdale 1999). Thus, a reliable identification of common wood decay fungi can be easily achieved through this key without needing the use of potassium hydroxide or other reagents, which are often required by other keys. Another advantage is that the identification process is rapid, unless a spore print analysis is needed, like for the discrimination between basidiomata of Armillaria and basidiomata of other lamellate and centrally stipitate species. However, the diagnosis of Armillaria could be easier and immediately achieved when the typical Armil- laria rhizomorphs and/or mycelium are found. Species descriptions are not included in this article, and to accomplish an accurate determination, the user should refer to descriptions contained in monographs. We suggest the user check the description of not only the species determined, but also of the species, inferable from Table 1, that could have been confused with it. The key provided in this article is principally addressed to forest pathologists and arborists with a mycological back- ground while performing field diagnosis or tree hazard as- sessment. However, its range of application is broader. For instance, it could be useful for didactic purposes and could be of aid to ecological research conducted in the parks or in the forest environments. Acknowledgments. We are grateful to the eight anonymous MSc students involved in the key validation process. LITERATURE CITED Adaskaveg, J.E., M.R. Dunlap, R.L. Gilbertson, and E.E. Butler. 1994. Development of a computerized, synoptic key for polyporoid, wood-rotting fungi of North America. Mycotaxon 52:289–302. Alaux, C. 2006. Champignons lignivores: Comment identi- fier les principaux genres. Phytoma 594:33–36. Bernicchia, A. 2005. Polyporaceae s.l. Candusso, Alassio, Italy. 808 pp. Breitenbach, J. 1991. Champignons de Suisse, Bolets et Champignons à Lames, Tome III, Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. 364 pp. ———. 1995. Champignons de Suisse, Champignons à Lames, Tome IV. Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. 371 pp. Breitenbach, J., and F. Kränzlin. 1986. Champignons de Suisse, Champignons sans Lames, Tome II. Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland. 412 pp. ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture Butin, H. 1995. Tree Diseases and Disorders. Oxford Uni- versity Press, New York, NY. 252 pp. Guglielmo, F. 2005. A molecular approach for the detection and early identification of wood rotting fungi as useful tool in tree stability assessment. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. 131 pp. Hjortstam, K., K.H. Larsson, and L. Ryvarden. 1978. The Corticiaceae of North Europe. Vol. 1. Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway. 60 pp. Hong, S.G., and H.S. Jung. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 96: 742–755. Intini, M., A. Panconesi, and C. Parrini. 2000. Malattie Delle Alberature in Ambiente Urbano. CNR-IPAF, Florence, Italy. 215 pp. Kirk, P.M., P.F. Cannon, J.C. David, and J. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 9th ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 655 pp. Lonsdale, D. 1999. Principles of Tree Hazard Assessment and Management. Forestry Commission, London, UK. 388 pp. Nicolotti, G., D. Pecollo, and P. Gonthier. 2004a. Ecologia e grado di preferenza d’ospite dei funghi agenti di carie, I parte. Acer 1/04:47–51. ———. 2004b. Ecologia e grado di preferenza d’ospite dei funghi agenti di carie, II parte. Acer 2/04:59–67. Rayner, A.D.M., and L. Boddy. 1988. Fungal Decomposition of Wood, Its Biology and Ecology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. 587 pp. Rigling, D., H. Blauenstein, and M. Dobbertin. 2005. Inci- dence of root and butt rot in storm-damaged versus non- damaged Norway spruce. Proceedings of the 11th Inter- national Conference on Roots, Root and Butt Rots of For- est Trees, Poznan-Bialowieza, Poland, 16–22 August 2004. In M. Małgorzata and P. Łakomy (Eds.). The Au- gust Cieszkowski Agricultural University Poznan Poland. ´, Poznan ´, Ryvarden, L. 1998. Norske Poresopper. Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway. http://biologi.uio.no/bot/ascomycetes/NorskePores_ key.htm (accessed 5/17/2007). Schwarze, F.W.M.R., and S. Baum. 2000. Mechanisms of reaction zone penetration by decay fungi in wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica). The New Phytologist 146:129–140. Strouts, R.G., and T.G. Winter. 1994. Diagnosis of Ill-health in Trees. Forestry Commission, London, UK. 308 pp. Paolo Gonthier Assistant Professor University of Torino Department of Exploitation and Protection of the Agricultural and Forestry Resources–Plant Pathology via Leonardo da Vinci 44 I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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