Livable Cities - London AMPS | City, University of London Page 74 energy sources for buildings, whereas road transport predominantly relies on gasoline and diesel. While there are studies that examine energy consumption and CO2 emissions in these sectors, they often address them separately. This separation is particularly evident in Pakistan, where energy use and GHG emissions from buildings and road transport are typically analyzed independently.7 However, to effectively combat climate change, it is essential to understand the connection between these sectors, especially in the context of land use and transportation. Buildings, for instance, consume energy through operations that rely on electricity and natural gas. Additionally, the energy used for travel to and from buildings, known as transport energy use, also plays a significant role. The following figures illustrate the domestic and transport energy consumption, along with GHG emissions forecasts in Pakistan. Figure 2. Domestic and transport energy use & CO2 emissions. In Pakistan, rapid urbanization and population growth have intensified challenges related to housing, transportation, energy use, and CO2 emissions, particularly in Lahore. The city's urban landscape includes both high-density and low-density areas to accommodate its expanding population. To address these issues, the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system was introduced in 2012 to reduce reliance on private vehicles by promoting public transport, aiming to improve energy efficiency and support environmental sustainability. 8 However, despite the BRT's implementation, progress in reducing CO2 emissions has been limited. In Pakistan, research on carbon has predominantly focused on the transportation sector, with comparatively little attention given to emissions from buildings.9 This study explores carbon emissions in Lahore, the nation's second-largest city and a mass transit leader. It examines emissions from operational energy use (electricity and natural gas) in residential buildings along Lahore's BRT corridor and transport energy linked to these buildings. Utility bills provide energy consumption data, while transport emissions are calculated using average travel distance, transport modes, and energy efficiency. Multinomial regression analysis in SPSS identifies causal relationships between surveyed variables and energy consumption. CASE STUDY: LAHORE, PAKISTAN Lahore, the second-largest city in Pakistan, is home to over 11 million people. This rapidly growing metropolis displays significant diversity across its nine towns, tehsils, and more than two hundred Union Councils.10 Ranked as the 122nd largest city in the world by GDP, Lahore boasts an impressive average growth rate of nearly 6%.11 The city's infrastructure includes a complex transportation network integrated with densely built structures. The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, which runs along a 27- kilometer corridor, stands as Lahore's largest transit initiative, serving areas with a variety of building types.12
