Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(3): May 2015 dition in gence holes and the size of the tree, even when grouped by vigor class (P > 0.05, data not shown). When ash trees died or reached critical con- Indianapolis, the number of EAB = 13.5, P < 0.05, respectively). The lowest rates of reinfestation were observed in 2012 because most of the trees were dead the following year. The presence of emergence holes made by all emergence holes decreased, compared with the previous year (Figure 3). In both 2010 and 2011, Poor trees had higher rates of reinfesta- tion than Fair trees (H(2,39) = 11.24, P < 0.0; H(3,51) native borers combined was correlated with EAB emergence holes in Indianapolis (Table 3). Long- 129 Table 3. Spearman correlation coefficients compar- ing number of emerald ash borer emergence holes to those of native borers and bark beetles in each year of the study in Indianapolis. Year Longhorned Clearwing Carpenter Bark All native beetles 2010 0.17* 2011 0.25* 2012 0.07 2013 -0.22 borers 0.12 0.06 0.15 0.39 Note: Asterisk (*) indicates P < 0.05. horned beetle holes were positively correlated with EAB holes in 2010 (Spearman r = 0.17, P < 0.05) and 2011 (Spearman r = 0.25, P < 0.05). Bark beetle emergence holes were positively correlated with EAB emergence holes in 2012 (Spearman r = 0.25, P < 0.05). For the years 2010–2012 there was a correlation between total native borer holes and EAB emergence holes (Spearman r = 0.17, 0.29, and 0.22, respectively, P < 0.05), but there were no correlations between any native borer and EAB in 2013 because most of the trees were already dead. The effect of vigor class on the number of emer- Figure 2. Mean vigor class (±SE) of ash trees when EAB was first detected in Lafayette (without EAB in 2010) and India- napolis (with EAB in 2010). Points marked with an asterisk are significantly different from the previous year (Friedman ANOVA, P < 0.05). gence holes differed by taxon. Ash bark beetles and carpenter worms were not found in large enough numbers for statistical analysis at either site. In Lafayette, there was no difference in the number of longhorned beetle emergence holes between the vigor classes for any year (2011, H(3,156) ure 4b). Clearwing borers were most abundant in 0.30, P = 0.96; Figure 4a). In Indianapolis, long- horned beetle emergence holes were found in greater abundance on trees in the Poor and Critical vigor classes in 2011 (H(3,147) 0.22; 2012, H(3,154) = 2.46, P = 0.48; 2013, H(3,145) = 8.47, P < 0.05; Fig- Poor and Critical trees in Lafayette in 2011 (H(3,156) = 8.93, P < 0.05) and on Poor trees alone in 2012 (H(3,154) = 16.32, P < 0.05; Figure 5c). In Indianapo- lis, there was no difference in the number of clear- wing borers across vigor classes until 2013 where they were more abundant on Poor and Critical trees (H(3,23) vigor class did not influence the abundance of EAB (2011, H(3,156) Figure 3. Mean number of new EAB emergence holes in trees of different vigor classes that were infested the previ- ous year. Bars marked with the same letter are not signifi- cantly different (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, P < 0.05). P <0.001), but there was no difference in the num- ber of emergence holes in 2013 when most of the trees were dead (H(3,23) = 65.43, P < 0.001; 2012, H(3,93) EAB emergence holes were most abundant in Indi- anapolis in trees rated Critical in 2011 and 2012 (2011, H(3,147) = 21.55, = 4.10, P = 0.25; Figure 4f). ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture P = 0.40; 2013, H(3,146) = 6.07, P = 0.11; Figure 4e). = 9.97, P < 0.05; Figure 4d). In Lafayette, = 1.79, P = 0.62; 2012, H(3,154) = 2.93, worms 0.00 -0.09 0.00 0.00 beetles borers -0.05 0.07 0.25* 0.00 0.18* 0.29* 0.22* 0.29 = 4.40, P = =
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