Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(3): May 2015 in 2012 three more Fair trees and one Good tree were confirmed to be infested. Although EAB likely prefers stressed trees, little is known about its preference for trees of naturally varying health in an urban forest. Data indicate that EAB may attack trees that are apparently healthy according to tree vigor ranking schemes used by urban foresters. If efforts are focused only on those trees that appear to be stressed, incipient populations of EAB may go undetected for several years longer than if Good and Fair trees are also included in the survey. Observations of borer-associated symptoms also confirm other findings that canopy thinning, epicormic sprouting, woodpecker damage, and bark splitting can be strongly associated with the abundance of EAB as the forest enters the crest stage of EAB colonization. Moreover, canopy thinning is correlated with EAB in the earlier cusp phase of the invasion, and may be important for evaluat- ing the status of EAB in urban forests before ash trees begin to die. Arborists can use this scheme to select sentinel ash trees of varying vigor classes and monitor these trees for EAB-related decline to provide essential data that may convince munici- palities to initiate timely management efforts. Acknowledgments. We thank Gary Frazier, Matthew Paschen, Lindsay Patrick, Donnie Peterson, Julia Prado, Carlos Quesada, Katie Strack, Nicole VanDerLaan, Adam Witte and Chelsea Wood of Purdue University for their assistance rating ash trees. We thank Lindsey Purcell of Purdue University for his assistance in develop- ing our tree vigor assessment scheme. Special thanks is extended to Bev Shaw (City of West Lafayette), Belinda Kiger (City of Lafay- ette), Andrew Mertz and Paul Pinco (City of Indianapolis Parks Department), and Daren Mindham (City of Carmel) for helping us secure access to Indianapolis and Lafayette area trees. Fund- ing was provided by USDA-NIFA grant #2010-41530-21043. This research was conducted in partial fulfillment of a Ph.D. for G.P.H. from Purdue University. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R.F. 1944. The relation between host condition and attacks by the bronzed birch borer. Journal of Economic Entomology 37:588–596. Burr, S.J. 2012. Evaluation of emerald ash borer populations and the ash resource at three stages of the invasion wave. M.Sc. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S. 77 pp. Burr, S.J., and D.G. McCullough. 2012. The future of green ash behind, within, and ahead of the advancing front of emerald ash borer. In: K. McManus and K.W. Gottschalk (Eds.). 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