144 fingerprint of human alteration of forests in the city. Patterns reported here are likely representa- tive of those in many forested areas undergoing land conversion and development, so the find- ings apply to many cities. The quantitative data presented here provide baseline numbers to which the future urban forest of Indianapolis can be compared and which can be used for sta- tistical comparisons with data from other cities. Acknowledgments. Witness tree data were supplied by Bob Barr, Center for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis. The Indianapolis Parks Depart- ment Office of Land Stewardship funded the recent inventories of natural areas. Thanks to Don Miller of Indy Parks for encouraging and facilitating urban botanical research in Indianapolis. Marcia Moore and many Butler University undergraduates assisted with field work. Burney Fisher and Carrie Tauscher made valuable com- ments that improved earlier manuscript draſts. LITERATURE CITED Abrell, D.B., and M.T. Jackson. 1977. A decade of change in an old-growth beech-maple forest in Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 98:22–32. Barr, R.C., B.E. Hall, J.A. Wilson, C. Souch, G. Lindsey, J.A. Bacone, R.K. Campbell, and L.P. Tedesco. 2002. Documenting changes in the natural environment of Indianapolis-Marion County from European settlement to the present. Ecological Restora- tion 20:37–46. Blewett, M.B., and J.E. Potzger. 1951. The forest primeval of Mar- ion and Johnson counties, Indiana, in 1918. Butler University Botanical Studies 10:40–52. Bodenhamer, D.J., and R.D. Barrows. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. 1600 pp. Bourdo, E.A. 1956. A review of the General Land Office Survey and of its use in quantitative studies of former forests. Ecology 37:754–768. Brothers, T.S. 1994. Flora and Fauna. pp. 583–585. In: D.J. Boden- hamer and R.D. Barrows (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Indianap- olis, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. Burghardt, K.T., D.W. Tallamy, and W.G. Shriver. 2009. Impact of native plants on bird and butterfly biodiversity in suburban landscapes. Conservation Biology 23:219–224. City Data. 2015. Dwyer, J.F., H.W. Schroeder, and P.H. Gobster. 1991. The signifi- cance of urban trees and forests: toward a deeper understanding of values. Journal of Arboriculture17:276–284. Fahey, R.T., M.L. Bowles, and J.L. McBride. 2012. Origins of the Chicago urban forest: Composition and structure in relation to presettlement vegetation and modern land use. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38:181–193. Homoya, M.A., D.B. Abrell, J.R. Aldrich, and T.W. Post. 1985. Natural Regions of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 94:245–268. IDNR (Indiana Department of Natural Resources). 2015. Commu- nity & Urban Forestry. Dolan: Two Hundred Years of Forest Change Ikin, K., E. Knight, D.B. Lindenmayer, J. Fischer, and A.D. Manning. 2012. The influence of native versus exotic streetscape vegetation on the spatial distribution of birds in suburbs and reserves. Diver- sity and Distributions Lovett, G.M., and M.J. Mitchell. 2004. Sugar maple and nitrogen cycling in the forests of eastern North America. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:81–88. Nowak, D.J., and E.J. Greenfield. 2012. Tree and impervious cover change in U.S. cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:21–30. Nowak, D.J., A.B. Cumming, D.B. Twardus, R. Hoehn, and M. Miel- ke. 2007. Monitoring Urban Forests in Indiana: Pilot Study 2002. National Forest Health Monitoring Program. NA-FR-01-07. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Re- search Station, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, U.S. 13 pp. Nowak, D.J., S.M. Stein, P.B. Randler, E.J., Greenfield, S.J. Comas, M.A. Carr, and R.J. Alig. 2010. Sustaining America’s Urban Trees and Forests: a Forests on the Edge Report. General Tech- nical Report NRS-62. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, Pennsyl- vania, U.S. 27 pp. Peper, P.J., E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, K.E. Varga, and Q. Xiao. 2008. City of Indianapolis, Indiana municipal forest resource analysis. Technical report to: Indy Parks and Recreation Depart- ment, City of Indianapolis, Indiana. Center for Urban Forest Research, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis. 68 pp. Potzger, J.E., M.E. Potzger, and J. McCormick. 1956. The forest pri- meval of Indiana as recorded in the original U.S. land surveys and an evaluation of previous interpretations of Indiana vegeta- tion. Butler University Botanical Studies 13:95–111. Purdue University Extension. Emerald Ash Border in Indiana. Radeloff, V.C., D.J. Mladenoff, H.S. He, and M.S. Boyce. 1999. Forest landscape change in the northwestern Wisconsin Pine Barrens from pre-European settlement to the present. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 29:1649–1659. Santamour, F.S. 1990. Trees for urban planting: diversity, uniformity and common sense. pp. 57–65. In: Proceedings of the 7th Con- ference of Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA), The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. Schulte, L.A., and D.J. Mladenoff. 2001. The original US Public Land Survey records: Their use and limitations in reconstruct- ing presettlement vegetation. Journal of Forestry 99:5–10. Seto, K.S., B. Güneralp, and L.R. Hutyra. 2012. Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. UNFPA. 2007. State of the World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. United Nations Population Fund, New York City, New York, U.S. 108 pp. USDA FIAP. 2015. USDA. 2006. Plant guide: sugar maple. Vellend, M., C.D. Brown, H.M. Kharouba, J.L. McCune, and I.H. Myers-Smith. 2013. Historical ecology: Using unconventional data sources to test for effects of global environmental change. American Journal of Botany 100:1294–1305. ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
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