Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(3): May 2015 LITERATURE CITED Amoroso, G., P. Frangi, R. Piatti, F. Ferrini, A. Fini, and M. Faoro. 2010. Effect of container design on plant growth and root defor- mation of littleleaf linden and field elm. HortScience 45:1829– 1829. Anonymous. 2014. American Standard for Nursery Stock. ANSI Z60.1 American Nursery and Landscape Association, Washing- ton, D.C., U.S. Anonymous. 2015. Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Ser- vices, Division of Plant Industry. Arnold, M.A., and E. Young. 1991. CuCO3 -painted containers and root pruning affect apple and green ash root growth and cytoki- nin levels. HortScience 26:242–244. Balisky, A.C., P. Salonius, C. Walli, and D. Brinkman. 1995. Seed- ling roots and forest floor: Misplaced and neglected aspects of British Columbia’s reforestation effort? Forestry Chronicle 71:59–65. Burdett, A.N. 1978. Control of root morphogenesis for improved stability in container-grown lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8:483–486. Chapman, K.A., and S.J. Colombo. 2006. Early root morphology of jack pine seedlings grown in different types of container. Scan- dinavian Journal Forest Science 21:372–370. Coutts, M.P., C. Walker, and A.C. Burnand. 1990. Effects of es- tablishment method on root form of lodgepole pine and Sitka spruce and on the production of adventitious roots. Forestry 63:143–159. Dunn, G.M., J.R. Huth, and M.J. Lewty. 1997. Coating nursery con- tainers with copper carbonate improves root morphology of five native Australia tree species used in agroforestry systems. Agro- forestry Systems 37:143–155. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2008. Planting depth in containers affects root form and tree quality. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26:129–134. Gilman, E.F., C. Harchick, and M. Paz. 2010a. Effect of container type on root form and growth of red maple. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 28:1–7. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2014. Container design influenced Swietenia mahogani root attributes and anchorage aſter land- scape planting. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:27–35. Gilman, E.F., and F. Masters. 2010. Effect of tree size, root pruning and production method on root growth and lateral stability of Quercus virginiana. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:281–291. Gilman, E.F., and M. Paz. 2014. Root system morphology influ- enced by container design, retention time, and root pruning. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40:16–25. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, and C. Harchick. 2010b. Root ball shaving im- proves root systems on seven tree species in containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28:13–18. Gilman, E.F., M. Paz, D. Meador, and P. Fisher. 2012. Propagation container type, time in container, and root pruning affect root development of young Acer rubrum. Journal Environmental Horticulture 30:150–160. Gilman, E.F., and C. Wiese. 2012. Root pruning at planting and planting depth in the nursery impact root system morphology and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38:232–239. 153 Harris, R.W., W.B. Davis, N.W. Stice, and D. Long. 1971. Root prun- ing improves nursery tree quality. Journal American Society Horticulture Science 96:105–108. Krasowski, M.J. 2003. Root system modifications by nursery culture reflect on post-planting growth and development of coniferous seedlings. Forestry Chronicle 79:882–891. Lindgren O., and G. Örlander. 1978. A study on root development and stability of 6- to 7-year-old container plants. pp. 142–144. In: E. Van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn (Eds.). Proceedings of the Root Form of Planted Trees Symposium, Victoria, B.C., Canada, May 16–19, 1978. Canadian Forest Service, B. C., Joint Report No. 8. Lindström, A., and G. Rune. 1999. Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: Effects on root growth, tree stability and stem straightness. Plant and Soil 217:29–37. Lindström, A., C. Hellqvist, and E. Stattin. 2005. Mini Seedlings—A New Forest Regeneration System. pp. 56–58. In: The Thin Green Line: A symposium on the state-of-the-art in reforestation. On- tario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1235 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5. Marshall, M.D., and E.F. Gilman. 1998. Effects of nursery container type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum L. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16:55–59. Ortega, U., J. Majada, A. Mena-Petite, J. Sanchez-Zabala, N. Rodriguez- Itturrizar, K. Txarterina, J. Azpitarte, and M. Duñabeitia. 2006. Field performance of Pinus radiata D. Don produced in nursery with different types of containers. New Forests 31:97–112. Salonius, P., K. Beaton, and B. Roze. 2000. Effects of cell size and spacing on root density and field performance of container- reared black spruce. Information Report M-X-208E, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Frederickton, New Brunswick, Canada. Selby, C., and D.A. Seaby. 1982. The effect of auxins on Pinus con- torta seedling root development. Forestry 55:125–135. Weicherding, P.J., C.P. Giblin, J.H. Gillman, D.L. Hanson, and G. Johnson. 2007. Mechanical root-disruption practices and their effect on circling roots of pot-bound Tilia cordata Mill. and Salix alba L. ‘Niobe’. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:43–47. Edward F. Gilman (corresponding author) Professor Environmental Horticulture Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, U.S. egilman@ufl.edu Maria Paz Biologist Environmental Horticulture Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, U.S. Chris Harchick Farm Manager Environmental Horticulture Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, U.S. ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
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