Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(3): May 2015 Table 7. Correlation of root attributesz containers into landscape. Root attribute 3.8 L visual imprint ratingy No. radiating straight roots trunk to 5 cm beyond 57 L container wall positionx Percent graded as cullw Root symmetry ratingv Percent circumference without roots >5 mm diameter 5 cm beyond 57 L container wall position Total no. roots >3 mm diameter grew into landscape from top half of 57 L container root ball Root CSA (mm2 ) top halfu formed by deflected roots retaining the shape of the container). x 0.32 (0.05) -0.34 (0.03) 0.38 (0.02) -0.39 (0.01) 0.39 (0.01) -0.33 (0.04) -0.33 (0.04) z Roots within a 60 cm diameter 60 cm deep cone shaped soil volume centered on the trunk. y Visual rating of root deflection severity at indicated container position with 1 = little imprint or retained “cage” formed by deflected roots, and 5 = strong imprint Number of roots >3 mm diameter measured 5 cm outside the position of the 57 L container wall that grew from trunk at < 45 degree angle to substrate surface Graded cull according to Anonymous (2015). without making a turn of >60 degrees relative to parent root azimuth at trunk. w (roots growing directly from stem). u v Visual rating with 1 = radially asymmetrical distribution of roots with most on one side of root ball, and 5 = radially symmetrical distribution of mother roots Root cross-sectional area (CSA) measured 5 cm outside 57 L root ball position for roots >3 mm diameter growing from top half of root ball. CONCLUSION Pruning by shaving off (also referred to as box- ing, Weicherding et al. 2007) the root ball periph- ery when trees were planted into landscape soil from 57 L containers had a larger impact on root architecture than either propagation or nursery container type. Effect of propagation container on root architecture was modified by the type of nursery container used subsequently. Ger- minating Swietenia mahogani seeds in porous- walled propagation containers resulted in large differences in root architecture when trees were young (Gilman and Paz 2014), but some of these differences did not persist three years later once trees were planted for eight months in landscape soil. Growing in a nursery con- tainer with extremely porous walls resulted in root systems dominated by horizontal and de- scending roots; those in solid-walled containers were dominated by vertical and deflected roots. Acknowledgments. Thanks to the Horticulture Research Institute, GreatSouthernTreeConference.org (which included funding from the container manufacturers of the tested containers), and Quin- tessence Nursery, Loxahatchee, Florida, U.S., for partial support of this study. LITERATURE CITED Amoroso, G., P. Frangi, R. Piatti, F. Ferrini, A. Fini, and M. Faoro. 2010. Effect of container design on plant growth and root defor- mation of littleleaf linden and field elm. HortScience 45:1829– 1829. Anonymous. 2009. Specification Guidelines for Container-grown Trees in California. Urban Tree Foundation, Visalia, Califor- nia, U.S. Anonymous. 2014. American Standard for Nursery Stock. Ameri- can Nursery Association, Washington, D.C., U.S. Anonymous. 2015. Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, U.S. Arnold, M.A., and E. Young. 1991. CuCo3 -painted containers and root pruning affect apple and green ash root growth and cytoki- nin levels. HortScience 26:242–244. Balisky, A.C., P. Salonius, C. Walli, and D. Brinkman. 1995. Seedling roots and forest floor: Misplaced and neglected aspects of British Columbia’s reforestation effort. Forestry Chronicle 71:59–65. Burdett, A.N., H. Coates, R. Eremko, and P.A.F. Martin. 1986. Top- pling in British Columbia’s lodgepole pine plantations: Signifi- cance, cause, and prevention. Forestry Chronicle 62:433–439. Chapman, K.A., and S.J. Colombo. 2006. Early root morphology of jack pine seedlings grown in different types of containers. Scan- dinavian Journal of Forest Research 21:372–379. Chavasse, C.G.R. 1978. The root form and stability of planted trees, with special reference to nursery and establishment practice. pp. 54–64. In: E. Van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn (Eds.). Proceedings of the Root Form of Planted Trees Symposium British Columbia Ministry of Forests/Canadian Forest Service Joint Report No. 8. 165 with trunk angle and rest angle following winching seven months after planting 57 L Pearson correlation coefficient (P value) Trunk angle while holding at 4.1 MN/m2 Trunk rest angle immediately following winching to 4.1 MN/m2 (>0.05) -0.33 (0.04) 0.34 (0.04) -0.33 (0.04) (>0.05) -0.38 (0.02) -0.38 (0.02) ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
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