120 possess strong bactericidal properties reducing patho- gen severity symptoms of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (bacterial spot of tomato) and Strepto- myces scabies (potato scab)(Abbasi and Lazarovits 2006). Indeed EO water is frequently used as a steril- ising agent within the food, agricultural, and medical industries (Al-Haq et al. 2005; Forghani 2019). How- ever, prior to our study, no full field trials of EO water for pear rust control had been conducted. EO water also possesses a number of other beneficial properties to include a rapid kill of fungal spores and hyphae, in addition to several bacteria. No residues exist that could result in soil contamination, or in the case of fruit pears for human consumption, contamination of the food chain (Forghani 2019). EO water is also fully compatible with a range of fungicides and insec- ticides, permitting use within an integrated pest man- agement system to complement, enhance the efficacy of, or replace certain fungicides currently used for pathogen management (Mueller et al. 2003; Abbasi and Lazarovits 2006). Due to the sterilising nature of EO water, concern about phytotoxicity has been raised (Buck et al. 2003). However, research has shown that if EO water is applied weekly, then no symptoms of phytotoxicity develop. If multiple applications of EO water occur during a week, however, marginal phyto- toxicity (peripheral leaf burn, leaf cupping) has been observed (Mueller et al. 2003; Guentzel et al. 2011). Another limitation of EO water is that it possesses no systemic properties (Mueller et al. 2003; Al-Haq et al. 2005), so complete coverage of foliage is required for total pathogen management, which is difficult when dealing with mature trees with a large canopy. Research also indicates that EO water is preferably used as a preventative spray treatment rather than a curative one (Al-Haq et al. 2001; Mueller et al. 2003; Abbasi and Lazarovits 2006). Despite these limitations, results of this study show that EO water has applicability against pear rust under field conditions and may offer potential in the management of other pathogens of concern within the arboricultural industry. LITERATURE CITED Abbasi PA, Lazarovits G. 2006. Effect of acidic electrolyzed water on the viability of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens and on bacterial spot disease of tomato. Canadian Journal of Micro- biology. 52(10):915-923. https://doi.org/10.1139/w06-048 Al-Haq MI, Bari ML, Todoroki S, Sugiyama J. 2003. Fungicidal effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidized water on anthracnose of mango. Proceedings of the United States-Japan Cooperative ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture Percival: Electrolysed Oxidizing Water for Pear Rust Management Program in Natural Resources (UJNR) Food and Agriculture Panel. 32nd Annual Meeting; Tsukuba (Japan). p. 454-459. Al-Haq MI, Seo Y, Oshita S, Kawagoe Y. 2001. Fungicidal effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water on postharvest brown rot of peach. HortScience. 36(7):1310-1314. https:// doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.36.7.1310 Al-Haq MI, Seo Y, Oshita S, Kawagoe Y. 2002. Disinfection effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water on suppressing fruit rot of pear caused by Botryosphaeria berengeriana. Food Research International. 35(7):657-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0963-9969(01)00169-7 Al-Haq MI, Sugiyama J, Isobe S. 2005. Applications of electro- lyzed water in agriculture and food industries. Food Science and Technology Research. 11(2):135-150. https://doi.org/10 .3136/fstr.11.135 Ames GK. 2013. Community orchards. Butte (MT, USA): National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. NCAT IP446. p. 1-16. https://attra.ncat.org/product/community-orchards British Crop Protection Council (BCPC). 2020. The UK pesticide guide 2020. Lainsbury MA, editor. Oxford (UK): CABI Pub- lishing. 222 p. Buck JW, van Iersel MW, Oetting RD, Hung YC. 2002. In vitro fungicidal activity of acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water. Plant Disease. 86(3):278-281. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86 .3.278 Buck JW, van Iersel MW, Oetting RD, Hung YC. 2003. Evalua- tion of acidic electrolyzed water for phytotoxic symptoms on foliage and flowers of bedding plants. Crop Protection. 22(1): 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00113-8 Butt DJ, Swait AAJ, Robinson JD. 1990. Evaluation of fungicides against apple powdery mildew and scab. Tests of agrochemicals and cultivars, 11. Wellesbourne (UK): Association of Applied Biologists. Carisse O, Dewdney M. 2002. A review of non-fungicidal approaches for the control of apple scab; Revue des approches non chimiques pour la lutte contre la tavelure du pommier. Phytoprotection. 83(1):1-29. https://doi.org/10.7202/706226ar Culley TM, Hardiman NA. 2007. The beginning of a new inva- sive plant: A history of the ornamental Callery pear in the United States. BioScience. 57(11):956-964. https://doi.org/10 .1641/B571108 Dong XL, Li BH, Zhang ZF, Li BD, Xu XM. 2006. Effect of envi- ronmental conditions on germination and survival of teliospores and basidiospores of the pear rust fungus (Gymnosporangium asiaticum). European Journal of Plant Pathology. 115:341- 350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9026-3 Fitzner S, Fischer M. 2005. Bewertung von Pyrus-Arten auf Befall mit Birnengitterrost (Gymnosporangium sabinae Dicks.); Evaluation of Pyrus species infestation by Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.). Erwebs-Obstbau. 47:37-39. https://doi.org/10 .1007/s10341-004-0052-z Forghani F. 2019. Application of electrolyzed water in agriculture. In: Ding T, Oh DH, Liu DH, editors. Electrolyzed water in food: Fundamentals and applications. Hangzhou (China): Springer Singapore and Zhejiang University Press. Chapter 9. p. 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3807-6 Guentzel JL, Callan MA, Lam LK, Emmons SA, Dunham VL. 2011. Evaluation of electrolyzed oxidizing water for
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