Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47(3): May 2021 Dahle GA, Carpenter A, DeVallance D, Zhou M. 2017a. Does modulus of elasticity vary due to dormancy and temperature? Arboriculture and Urban Forestry. 43(2):49-54. Dahle GA, Holt HA, Chaney WR, Whalen TM, Cassens DL, Gazo R, McKenzie RL. 2006. Branch strength loss implications for silver maple (Acer saccharinum) converted from round-over to V-trim. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 32(4):148-154. Dahle GA, James KR, Kane B, Grabosky J, Detter A. 2017b. A review of factors that affect the load-bearing capacity of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 43(3):89-106. Dirr MA. 1998. Manual of woody landscape plants. Champaign (IL, USA): Stipes Publishing, LLC. 1187 p. Eckenrode RT. 2017. Examining strain propagation in the lateral and codominant branch attachment using digital image correla- tion [thesis]. Morgantown (WV, USA): West Virginia Uni- versity. 91 p. Farrell RW. 2003. Structural features related to tree crotch strength [thesis]. Blacksburg (VA, USA): Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 57 p. Gerhold HD. 2007. Callery pear cultivars tested as street trees: Final report on a 12-year study. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33(2):153-156. Gilman EF. 1997. Trees for urban and suburban landscapes: An illustrated guide to pruning. Albany (NY, USA): Delmar Publishers. 178 p. Gilman EF. 2003. Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment. Journal of Arboriculture. 29(5):291-294. Gilman EF, Lilly SJ. 2008. Best management practices—Pruning. 2nd Ed. Champaign (IL, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. Gilman EF, Watson DG. 1994. Pyrus calleryana ‘Redspire.’ Gainesville (FL, USA): Environmental Horticulture Depart- ment, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Service, University of Florida. Fact Sheet ST-538. 3 p. https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/ tree_fact_sheets/pyrcalc.pdf Gilman EF, Watson DG, Klein RW, Koeser AK, Hilbert DR, Maclean DC. 2018. Pyrus calleryana: ‘Bradford’ Callery pear. Gainesville (FL, USA): Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Service, University of Florida. Fact Sheet ENH-695. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST53700 .pdf Goodfellow J, Peterson W, Hoenigman M, Dahle G. 2013. Char- acterizing branch failure modes. Naperville (IL, USA): TREE Fund. 13-JD-01. https://treefund.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2020/04/Final-Report-2013-Duling-Grant-13-JD-01.pdf Harris RW, Clark JR, Matheney NP. 2004. Arboriculture: Inte- grated management of landscape trees, shrubs, and vines. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ, USA): Prentice-Hall, Inc. 592 p. ISA International Dictionary. 2019. Atlanta (GA, USA): Interna- tional Society of Arboriculture. [Accessed 2020 September]. https://wwv.isa-arbor.com/education/onlineresources/dictionary Kane B. 2007. Branch strength of Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana var. ‘Bradford’). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33(4): 283-291. 129 Kane B. 2014. Determining parameters related to the likelihood of failure of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) from winching tests. Trees. 28:1667-1677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-014 -1076-0 Kane B, Clouston P. 2008. Tree pulling tests of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 34(2): 101-109. Kane B, Farrell R, Zedaker SM, Loferski JR, Smith DW. 2008. Failure mode and prediction of the strength of branch attach- ments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 34(5):308-316. Kretschmann DE. 2010. Mechanical properties of wood. In: Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material. Madison (WI, USA): USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190. p. 100-145. https:// www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr190.pdf Kuser JE, Robinson G, Polanin N. 2001. Four-year evaluation of five cultivars of Pyrus calleryana. Journal of Arboriculture. 27(2):88-91. Lavers GM. 1983. The strength properties of timber. 3rd Ed. London (UK): Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment. 60 p. Lilly SJ, Gilman EF, Smiley ET. 2019. Best management prac- tices—Pruning. 3rd Ed. Atlanta (GA, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. Lilly SJ, Sydnor TD. 1995. Comparison of branch failure during static loading of silver and Norway maples. Journal of Arboriculture. 21(6):302-305. MacDaniels LH. 1923. The apple-tree crotch. Ithaca (NY, USA): Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin 419. 2 p. MacDaniels LH. 1932. Factors affecting the breaking strength of apple tree crotches. Abstract. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 29:44. Miller VJ. 1959. Crotch influence on strength and breaking point of apple tree branches. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 73:27-32. SelecTree. 2020. Pyrus calleryana ‘Redspire’ tree record. [Accessed 2020 June 22]. https://selectree.calpoly.edu/ tree-detail/pyrus-calleryana-redspire Slater D, Ennos AR. 2015. The level of occlusion of included bark affects the strength of bifurcations in hazel (Corylus avellana L.). Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 41(4):194-207. Smiley ET. 2003. Does included bark reduce the strength of codominant stems? Journal of Arboriculture. 29(2):104-106. Spatz HC, Pfisterer J. 2013. Mechanical properties of green wood and their relevance for tree risk assessment. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 39(5):218-225. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. (Boring, Oregon) for donating the ‘Redspire’ Callery pear trees for the project. Like- wise, thank you to Mark Hoenigman, Busy Bee Tree Services Ltd. (Novelty, Ohio), for the loan of the apparatus used in the break test. Gratitude is also extended to John Siefer, Consulting Arborist (Tallmadge, Ohio), and Kyle Speck, Research Biologist with the Davey Institute (Kent, Ohio), for assistance with tree maintenance and data collection. Additionally, thank you to ©2021 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2021
Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
Empty |
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success. You will be contacted by Washington Gas with follow-up information regarding your request.
This process might take longer please wait