52 Zimmerman and Jull: Sodium Chloride Injury on Buds may or may not reflect the whole plant’s tolerance of a given species. Increased use of deicing salt is expected to continue in the United States due to continuing public safety demands, and as urbanization and roadways continue to spread. As a result, more plants will suffer exposure to salt spray. The following are recommendations for reducing salt spray damage: • Reduce or avoid salt applications in early spring, if pos- sible, as damage to plants is most severe in spring. Abra- sives such as sand and crushed rock can substitute for a portion of the salt. • Rinse above-ground plant parts after salt spray exposure in early spring. • Use caution when planting species with naked buds and other salt-sensitive species adjacent to high-speed thor- oughfares and in street planters, medians, parking lot landscapes, and other areas receiving exposure to salt spray. Acknowledgments. This research was funded by Hatch project funds from the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Use of trade names in this publica- tion does not imply endorsement by the University of Wisconsin- Madison of products named, nor criticism of similar ones not men- tioned. Technical assistance of Drs. Phillip Barak and Abbas Shirazi, Erik Nordheim, Mr. Peter Crump, and Mr. William Schmitt is grate- fully acknowledged. We also thank Mr. Bernie Fourrier of McKay Nursery (Waterloo, WI) for the use of plant material. LITERATURE CITED Appleton, B., R.R. Huff, and S.C. French. 1999. Evaluating trees for saltwater spray tolerance for oceanfront sites. Journal of Arboriculture 25:205–209. Ashworth, E.N., and M.E. Wisniewski. 1991. Response of fruit tree tissues to freezing temperatures. HortScience 26:501–504. Buttle, J.M., and C.F. Labadia. 1999. Deicing salt accumu- lation and loss in highway snowbanks. Journal of Envi- ronmental Quality 28:155–164. Calkins, J.B., and B.T. Swanson. 1990. The distinction be- tween living and dead plant tissue-viability tests in cold hardiness research. Cryobiology 27:194–211. Dirr, M.A. 1976. Selection of trees for tolerance to salt injury. Journal of Arboriculture 2:209–215. Dobson, M.C. 1991. Deicing Salt Damage to Trees and Shrubs. Bulletin 101 of the Department of the Environ- ment Arboriculture Contract, Forestry Commission. Lon- don UK. 64 pp. Harrison, C.L., C.J. Weiser, and M.J. Burke. 1978. Environ- mental and seasonal factors affecting the frost-induced stage of cold acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx. Plant Physiology 62:894–898. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture Herrick, G.T. 1988. Relationships between soil salinity, sap- sugar concentration, and health of declining sugar maples (Acer saccharum). Ohio Journal of Science 88(5): 192–194. Hofstra, G., R. Hall, and G.P. Lumis. 1979. Studies of salt- induced damage to roadside plants in Ontario. Journal of Arboriculture 5:25–31. Hofstra, G., and G.P. Lumis. 1975. Levels of deicing salt producing injury on apple trees. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55:113–115. Hootman, R.G., P.D. Kelsey, R. Reid, and K. von der Heide- Spravka. 1994. Factors affecting accumulation of deicing salts in soils around trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20: 196–200. Hootman, R., and P. Kelsey. 1992. Woody plants and road- way salt: An urban dilemma. The Morton Arboretum Quarterly 28(3):44–48. Kang, S.K., H. Motosugi, K. Yonemori, and A. Sugiura. 1997. Exothermic characteristics of dormant buds of per- simmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) in relation to cold har- diness. HortScience 32:840–843. Lang, G.A., J.D. Early, G.C. Martin, and R.L. Darnell. 1987. Endo-, para-, and ecodormancy: Physiological terminology and classification for dormancy research. HortScience 22: 371–377. Lumis, G.P., G. Hofstra, and R. Hall. 1975. Salt damage to roadside plants. Journal of Arboriculture 1:14–16. ———. 1973. Sensitivity of roadside trees and shrubs to aerial drift of deicing salt. HortScience 8:475–477. McNamara, S., H. Pellett, M. Florkowska, and O. Lindstrom Jr. 2002. Comparison of the cold hardiness of landscape tree and shrub cultivars growing at two disparate loca- tions. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20:77–81. Moxley, L., and H. Davidson. 1973. Salt Tolerance of Vari- ous Woody Ornamental and Herbaceous Plants. Horticul- ture Report No. 23. Michigan State University, East Lan- sing, MI. 13 pp. Rinne, P., H. Tuonminen, and O. Junttila. 1994. Seasonal changes in bud dormancy in relation to bud morphology, water and starch content, and abscisic acid concentration in adult trees of Betula pubescens. Tree Physiology 14: 549–561. Shirazi, A.M., and L.H. Fuchigami. 1993. Recovery of plants from “near-lethal” stress. Oecologia 93:429–434. Simini, M., and I.A. Leone. 1986. The response of dormant Norway and sugar maples to simulated de-icing salt spray. Journal of Arboriculture 12:1–5. Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987. Dis- eases of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 575 pp. Sucoff, E., S.G. Hong, and A. Wood. 1976. NaCl and twig dieback along highways and cold hardiness of highway
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