Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(2): March 2006 65 Table 3. Initial and first-year response of Drake elm trees to mycorrhizal fungal injection (MycorTree Injectable) and rhizobacterial (Compete Plus and Yuccah) soil treatments. After 1 year Treatment Mycor Mycor + bacteria Bacteria Subdue Control Initial dia. (cm) 1.6 b 1.7 ab 1.6 b 2.1 a 1.8 ab Fine roots (g) 13.3 a 11.4 a 15.2 a 3.0 b 4.4 b *% Increase (first yr. – initial measurements)/initial measurement. rhizobacteria and the other ingredients did not add to tree growth. CONCLUSIONS This nursery trial showed that the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi to the root zone improved ectomycorrhizal develop- ment on live and laurel oaks and VAM and root development on Drake elm. These were correlated with increased tree stem growth in all species. Additional rhizobacteria did not con- sistently affect root or stem growth in these tree species. Subdue drench did not affect mycorrhizal development or root growth and did not affect stem growth on any tree spe- cies. The occurrence of native ectomycorrhizae and VAM was very low on trees in this nursery. Acknowledgments. We thank Selina Marx and Teresa Parrish of Plant Health Care, Inc., and the crew at Davey Big Tree Nursery, Jacksonville, FL, for field assistance with this research project. LITERATURE CITED Alves, S.A., and D. Schmitz-Zeitz. 1996. Study of the my- corrhizal status of fine roots of urban oaks. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt fur Pilzanbau der Landwirtschaft- skammer Reinland 18:63–70. Appleton, B., J. Koci, S. French, et al. 2003. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation of establishes street trees. Journal of Arboriculture 29:107–110. Garbaye, J., and J.L. Curin. 1996. Effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation at planting on growth and foliage quality of Tilia tomentosa. Journal of Arboriculture 22:29–33. Geist, S. 1998. Mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer effects on roots of newly planted trees. Tree Leaves 24:4. Gilman, E.F. 2001. Effect of nursery production method, ir- rigation, and inoculation with mycorrhizae forming fungi on establishment of Quercus virginiana. Journal of Ar- boriculture 27:30–38. Kormanik, P.K., and A.C. McGraw. 1982. Qualifications of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plant roots. In N.C. Schenck (Ed.). Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, pp. 37–45. Marx, D.H., M.D. Pettway, and R.D. Mellick. 1995. Study focuses on ectomycorrhizal fungi. Tree Care Industry (August):29–32. Marx, D.H., M. Murphy, T. Parrish, et al. 1997. Root re- sponse of mature Live oaks in coastal South Carolina to root zone inoculations with mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Arboriculture 23:257–263. Marx, D.H., L.F. Marrs, and C.E. Cordell. 2002. Practical use of mycorrhizal fungal technology in forestry, reclamation, arboriculture, agriculture, and horticulture. Dendrobiol- ogy 47:27–40. Martin, C.A., and J.C. Stutz. 1994. Growth of Argentine mes- quite inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Arboriculture 20:134–139. Morrison, S.J., P.A. Nicholl, and P.R. Hicklenton. 1993. VA mycorrhizal inoculation of landscape trees and shrubs growing under high fertilizer conditions. Journal of Envi- ronmental Horticulture 11:64–71. Quarles, W. 1999a. Plant disease biocontrol and VAM fungi. The IPM Practitioner 21(4):1–9. ———. 1999b. Plant disease biocontrol and Ectomycorrhi- zae. The IPM Practitioner 21(9):1–11. Rao, B., B. Jeffers and Burkhart, L. 2000. Effects of fertil- ization and mycorrhizae on newly planted red oaks and sugar maples. In: Siewart A. et al. (Eds.). Tree and Shrub Fertilization: International Conference on Tree and Shrub Fertilization. Fairlawn, OH, May 2000, pp. 105–120. Smiley, E.T., D.H. Marx, and B.R. Fraedrich. 1997. Ectomy- corrhizal fungus inoculation of established residential trees. Journal of Arboriculture 23:113–115. Smith, S.E., and D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace, NY, 605 pp. Stabler, L.B., C.A. Martin, and J.C. Stutz. 2001. Effect of urban expansion on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal media- tion of landscape tree growth. Journal of Arboriculture 27:193–202. Sylvia, D.M., A. Alagely, D. Kent, and R. Mecklenburg. 1998. Mycorrhizae of landscape trees produced in raised beds and containers. Journal of Arboriculture 24: 308–314. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture % VAM 22 a 27 a 8 b 9 b 6 b Dia. (cm) 4.5 b 4.8 ab 4.3 ab 5.2 a 4.1 b % stem dia. increase* 181 a 182 a 167 a 148 ab 128 b
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