©2023 International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 49(4): July 2023 201 next iteration of Which Plant Where, it is intended that the output from the Gardening Responsibly pro- gram will be aligned with the tool to give users confi- dence that their plant selection will be resilient under future climate and not be a risk for biodiversity. CONCLUSION Which Plant Where provides users with the means to select climatically suitable species to use in their urban greening projects and is underpinned by sophisticated species distribution models. To the best of our knowl- edge, this is the first urban plant selection tool to offer this feature. The tool also provides information regard- ing species’ growth characteristics, environmental tolerances, and ecosystem services to assist users in developing well designed planting palettes. We envis- age Which Plant Where to be the ultimate resource for the urban greening industry in Australia, not just for climate-ready plant selection but as a focal point for best practice information. The ultimate goal of the tool is to be self-sustaining, enabling regular updates, improvement, and expansion. Future improvements to the tool will aim to incorporate the experiences of practitioners and urban forest managers in document- ing success and failures in urban settings and improve confidence in selecting species with low-invasive potential. To ensure that our urban green spaces con- tinue to thrive under projected climate change, tools to help select climate-ready species at local-regional scales will become increasingly important. As the cli- mate data underpinning the plant selector tool is free to access, it is possible for other countries around the world to develop similar tools based on this approach. LITERATURE CITED Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). 3rd Ed. Belconnen (ACT, Australia): ABS. [Updated 2023 March]. https://www.abs .gov.au/statistics/statistical-geography/australian-statistical -geography-standard-asgs Baumgartner JB, Esperón-Rodriguez M, Beaumont LJ. 2018. Identifying in situ climate refugia for plant species. Ecography. 41(11):1850-1863. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03431 Beaumont LJ, Hughes L, Pitman AJ. 2008. Why is the choice of future climate scenarios for species distribution modelling important? Ecology Letters. 11(11):1135-1146. https://doi .org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01231.x Booth TH. 2017. Assessing species climatic requirements beyond the realised niche: Some lessons mainly from tree species distribution modelling. Climatic Change. 145(3):259- 271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2107-9 differently in response to environmental conditions, such as heat stress and low water availability, than the parent species they are derived from. High climate suitability is an important contributor but does not guarantee good plant performance post- planting. Many factors can contribute to the failure of urban plantings, including poor quality nursery stock, inadequate site preparation, and inadequate mainte- nance during the establishment period (Hilbert et al. 2019). Sharing knowledge about successful and unsuc- cessful plantings can help urban forest managers identify good practice for species planting and how to best allocate resources to urban greening projects. It is intended that future versions of Which Plant Where be utilised as a platform to allow users to document planting outcomes through moderated discussion boards. This will ultimately allow for increased col- laboration between different organisations (e.g., local councils, arborists, land managers, etc.) and help inform future trait collection for the tool. Which Plant Where identifies environmental weed species that have been declared on state- and territory- level weed lists in Australia, meaning they are either prohibited from being brought into the state/territory or their presence in the state/territory is strictly con- trolled. However, many garden plants which are not currently problematic have the potential to become naturalised (form self-sustaining populations) and even invasive (spread beyond their point of introduc- tion) in the future. The nursery industry represents a major avenue for new plant introductions, with over 70% of naturalised species around the world origi- nally introduced as garden ornamentals (van Kleunen et al. 2018). Invasive weed species already have a major impact on Australia’s natural ecosystems, costing bil- lions of dollars annually to control their spread (Hoff- man and Broadhurst 2016). In response to this, the Gardening Responsibly program (Gardening Respon- sibly 2021) was launched in September 2022. It pro- vides an assessment of invasive risk of ornamental garden plants in Australia, using a risk-assessment tool specifically developed for the program. Through this risk assessment approach, plants are categorised as having a high-invasive risk if they possess traits such as vegetative reproduction, long-distance disper- sal, high seed output or are known to be invasive in other parts of the world, all features commonly found in invasive species (Hayes and Barry 2007; Pyšek and Richardson 2008; van Kleunen et al. 2010). In the
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