Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(3): May 2013 • What is a reasonable period for irrigation treatments? Should they last for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more years? What is a reasonable period for plant establishment? In the stud- ies reviewed, establishment periods ranged from three months to six years. • Which performance parameters or variables are most rel- evant to the scientific community? Is it most meaningful to measure shoot elongation, crown size, trunk diameter, and/or leaf area? Certainly, physiological parameters such as stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and/or water potential should be considered where possible. In landscapes, plant aesthetics is an important performance parameter to assess, but a standardized method of quanti- fication is needed to maintain consistency across studies and allow comparative analyses of species performance. • Can results from trees with confined root zones, such as lysimeter and container studies, be applied to the field management of trees? Do limitations in soil volume (relative to field conditions) affect water needs? Even though root systems have more volume for growth in lysimeters compared to containers, they are still limited compared to field conditions. For instance, Schuch and Burger (1997) found water-use and crop coefficients of woody plants in containers varied considerably among species, location, and time of year. These and other questions need to be addressed in order to establish a dependable protocol for evaluating the water needs of trees. With such a standardized approach, a con- sistency in methods will be maintained from one study to another, and results will be readily comparable. LITERATURE CITED Costello, L.R., K.S. Jones, and D.D. McCreary. 2005. Irrigation effects on the growth of newly planted oaks (Quercus spp.). Journal of Arbo- riculture 31(2):83–88. Costello, L.R., D. Thomas, and J. DeVries. 1996. Plant water loss in a shaded environment: A pilot study. Journal of Arboriculture 22(2):106–108. Devitt, D.A., D.S. Neuman, D.C. Bowman, and R.L. Morris. 1995. Water use of landscape plants in and arid environment. Journal of Arboricul- ture 21(5):239–245. Devitt, D.A., R.A. Morris, and D.S. Bowman. 1994. Evapotranspiration and growth response of three woody ornamental species placed under varying irrigation regimes. Journal of the American Society of Horti- cultural Science 119(3):452–457. Garcia-Navarro, M.C., R.Y. Evans, and R.S. Monsterrat. 2004. Esti- mation of relative water use among ornamental landscape species. Scientia Horticulturae 99(2004):163–174. Hilaire, St. R., M. Arnold, D.C. Wilkerson, D.A. Devitt, B.H. Hurd, B.J. Lesikar, V.I. Lohr, C.A. Martin, G.V. McDonald, R.L. Morris, D.R. Pittenger, D.A. Shaw, and D.F. Zoldoske. 2008. Efficient water use in residential urban landscapes. HortScience 43(7):2081–2092. Kjelgren, R., L. Rupp, and D. Kjelgren. 2000. Water conservation in urban landscapes. HortScience 35(6):1037–1040. Levitt, D.G., J.R. Simpson, and J.L. Tipton. 1995. Water use of two land- scape trees in Tucson, Arizona. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 120(3):409–416. 135 Montague, T., R. Kjelgren, R. Allen, and D. Webster. 2004. Water loss estimates for five recently transplanted tree species in a semi-arid climate. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22(4):189–196. Pittenger, D.R., J. Downer, D.R. Hodel, and M. Mochizuki. 2009. Estimating water needs of landscape palms in Mediterranean climates. HortTechnology 19(4):700–704. Pittenger, D.R., D.A. Shaw, D.R. Hodel, and D.B. Holt. 2001. Responses of landscape groundcovers to minimum irrigation. Journal of Envi- ronmental Horticulture 19(2):78–84. Pittenger, D.R., D.R. Hodel, and D.A. Shaw. 1990. Relative water requirements of six ground-cover species. HortScience 25(9):1085 (abstract). Reid, S.K., and L.R. Oki. 2008. Field trials identify more native plants suited to urban landscaping. California Agriculture 62(3):97–104. Sachs, R.M. 1991. Stress-adapted landscapes save water, escape injury in drought. California Agriculture 45(6):19–21. Santos, M., and D. Burger. 1995. Bibliography of Literature on Land- scape Water Conservation and Management. Sacramento, California: California Landscape Contractors Association. 99 p. Schuch, U.K., E. Martin, T. Mahato, and J. Subramani. 2010. Effect of irrigation frequency on arid-adapted landscape trees. ASHS (abstract). Schuch, U.K., and D.W. Burger. 1997. Water use and crop coefficients of woody ornamentals in containers. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 122(5):727–734. Shaw, D.A., and D.R. Pittenger. 2004. Performance of landscape ornamentals given irrigation treatments based on reference evapo- transpiration. Acta Horticulturae 664:607–613. Staats, D., and J.E. Klett. 1995. Water conservation potential and quality of non-turf groundcovers versus Kentucky bluegrass under increas- ing levels of drought stress. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 13(4):181–185. Laurence Costello 146 Jordan Ave. San Francisco, California 94118, U.S. Zusammenfassung. Hier wird eine Literaturübersicht zum Thema Wasserbedarf und Wasserverlust von Landschaftspflanzen vorgestellt. Feldversuche mit Lysimetern und in Containern werden zusammenge- fasst und diskutiert. In einigen Studien sind die Ertragskoeffizienten oder Wasserverbrauchkoeffizienten eingeschlossen. Es wird hier ein Dis- kussion zum Thema der vorgefundenen Bandbreite in den Forschungs- methoden vorgestellt sowie auf den Bedarf nach einem standartisierten Protokoll für Wasserbedarfsstudien hingewiesen. Resumen. Se presenta una revisión de literatura sobre las necesidades hídricas y la pérdida de agua de las plantas en el paisaje. Se resumen y comentan los estudios realizados en el campo, usando lisímetros y con- tenedores. En algunos estudios se incluyen los coeficientes de cultivo o coeficientes de uso del agua. Se presenta un análisis de la variabilidad en- contrada en los métodos de investigación y la necesidad de un protocolo estandarizado para los estudios de las necesidades de agua para el árbol. ©2013 International Society of Arboriculture
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