Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is a refereed, international journal that publishes high-quality research results on scientifi c and cultural aspects of the selection, establishment, culture, and maintenance of individual trees, as well as on the structure, function, and manage- ment of forests in and around human settlements. The journal welcomes reports of original research, reviews, and anal- yses that advance the professions of arboriculture and urban forestry. Subjects appropriate for submission include: tree biology, entomol- ogy, pathology, horticulture, biomechanics, risk management, soil science, urban forest benefi ts and management, and utility forestry. To be considered for publication, manuscripts must make a signifi cant con- tribution to the advancement of knowledge and practice of arboriculture and urban forestry and have broad applicability and interest to an international audience. Contributions will be considered in the following categories: (1) Original Research: Original fundamental or applied research that contributes to the scientifi c foundations supporting the disciplines of arboriculture and urban forestry; (2) Reviews: Literature reviews or syntheses of previous work to identify trends, designate areas for new work, and/or compare competing theories; (3) Empirical Analyses: Appropriate for analysis of procedures, equipment, or management systems that will lead to the improvement of best management practices; (4) Features: History and current status of topics of interest to practicing arborists and urban foresters, with emphasis on application of research to practice; (5) Short Communications: Appropriate for original research investigations that report preliminary or novel results on limited data sets. They are subject to the same review policies as research articles; (6) Commentaries: These short opinion pieces are evaluated for con- tent by the Editors and may be sent to outside reviewers. Submit directly to the Editor-in-Chief (
[email protected]); (7) Letters: Letters should directly address ideas or facts presented in the Journal and should be submitted directly to the Editor-in-Chief. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published to provide science-based information that promotes and encourages interchange of ideas among scientists, educators, and professionals working in arboriculture, urban forestry, and related disciplines. Contributions from both ISA members and nonmembers are welcome from all disciplines. Statement of Ownership Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published six times a year (bi-monthly) by the International Society of Arboriculture, a nonprofi t professional association, as a service to its membership. Membership in ISA includes an electronic subscription to AUF. Abstract Coverage: Articles in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry are indexed in Bibliography of Agriculture (online database AGRICOLA), Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), CABI (CAB abstracts, Forestry Abstracts, Horticultural Abstracts, Ornamental Horticulture, Review of Plant Pathology), and Biological & Agricultural Index Plus. ISSN 1935-5297 (print) ISSN 2155-0778 (online) © 2013, International Society of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. Copyright. Submission of a manuscript implies the work has not been previously published in a refereed journal and is not under consideration for publication else- where. Manuscripts should be substantially different from previously published conference proceedings, industry-oriented publications, and locally published progress or extension reports. All articles published in this journal are protected by copyright, which covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, as well as all translation rights. No material published in this journal may be reproduced without fi rst obtaining written permission from the International Society of Arboriculture. International Society of Arboriculture Arboriculture & Urban Forestry is published by the International Society of Arboriculture, a worldwide professional organization dedicated to fostering a greater appreciation for trees and to promoting research, tech- nology, and the professional practice of arboriculture and urban forestry. ISA Board of Directors Colin Bashford, President, Hampshire, England, UK Terrence Flanagan, President-Elect, Lake Oswego, Oregon, U.S. Francesco Ferrini, Bagno A Ripoli, Florence, Italy Bill Fountain, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Geoff Kempter, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S. de Gourét Litchfi eld, Ballingslov, Sweden Michael Marshall, Morriston, Florida, U.S. Michelle Mitchell, Lapeer, Michigan, U.S. Melinda Myers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. Zhu Ning, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. Ward Peterson, Kent, Ohio, U.S. Brian Phelan, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Paul Ries, Salem, Oregon, U.S. Frank Rinn, Heidelberg, Germany Mark Roberts, Dunedin, New Zealand Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Associate Editors Susan Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S. William Elmendorf, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S. Francesco Ferrini, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy Jason Grabosky, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S. C.Y. Jim, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Daniel Marion, University of New York-Finger Lakes, Canandaigua, New York, U.S. Peter May, University of Melbourne, May Horticultural Services, Melbourne, Australia Zhu Ning, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. Dealga O’Callaghan, Derbyshire, England, UK Michael Raupp, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S. Bryant Scharenbroch, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S. Alexia Stokes, INRA, Montpellier, France Maria-Luisa Tello, Madrid Institute of Agricultural Research, Madrid, Spain Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Staff ISA Executive Director, Jim Skiera, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Editor-in-Chief, Gary Watson, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois; Adjunct, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S. Administrator, Aaron H. Bynum, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Administrator, Amy Theobald, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. Layout, Kathy Ashmore, Champaign, Illinois, U.S. This journal is printed by Premier Print Group (PPG), in Champaign, Illinois, U.S., a strong proponent of eco-friendly practices and environmental stewardship. Work- ing with employees and clients to fi nd and apply effi cient and sustainable resources is always a priority for PPG. ISA appreciates PPG’s efforts to signifi cantly reduce its impact on the environment, including: printing with vegetable-based inks, using alcohol-free press solutions, purchasing and using products with the lowest possible levels of volatile organic compounds, and recycling 100% of their waste paper, aluminum plates, and wrapping materials. www.thepremierprintgroup.com Cover photo: James Urban
