186 Moore and McGarry: Potential for Bark Patch Graſting to Facilitate Tree Wound Closure Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2017. 43(5):186–198 Investigation of the Potential for Bark Patch Grafting to Facilitate Tree Wound Closure in Arboricultural Management Practice G.M. Moore and P.G. McGarry Abstract. Graſting and budding are common horticultural techniques, and similar techniques have been successfully used in the management of tree wounds by bridge and approach graſting. The success of bark graſts raises the possibility of using bark patch graſts to span trunk wounds and pruning cuts. Fiſty seedling trees from each of six commonly planted Australian native and exotic species—Acacia dealbata, Banksia integrifolia, Eucalyptus viminalis, Platanus × acerifolia, Quercus robur, and Pinus radiata—had cir- cular plugs of bark removed from their stem using a #3 cork borer (9 mm diameter). The plugs were liſted from the stem and then re-attached at one of four rotations (0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees) to the original cambial orientation in each of the four seasons. While there was no successful re-attachment for Pinus radiata, the data for the successful re-attachment of other the five species showed that the most successful orientation for re-attachment was in the original posi- tion (0 degrees); successful attachment did occur at other orientations. The best season for re-attachment was spring, but successful attachment did occur in other seasons; success was lowest when graſting was undertaken in winter. The use of bark patch graſts may provide arborists with an additional method for dealing with large wounds caused by vandalism and accidents, and would be particularly useful if a tree was of special, historic, or environmental significance to the landscape. Cov- ering the wound with a bark patch graſt may conceal the removal of a branch, hide obvious scarring, and at the same time reduce the risk of disease and stress to the tree by closing the wound more quickly than would normally occur due to natural callusing. Key Words. Acacia dealbata; Australia; Banksia integrifolia; Bark Graſting; Callus; Eucalyptus viminalis; Native Tree Species; Pinus radi- ate; Platanus × acerifolia; Quercus robur; Seasonal Wound Responses; Tree Wound Closure. In the urban environment, damage to trees may result from storms, human activity, or from struc- tural defects (Pirone et al. 1988; Harris et al. 2004). Wounding also occurs from vehicle collisions, power-line clearing, building and construction activities, road works, and vandalism, all of which can cause damage ranging from minor scarring on trunks to limb removal and tears that remove large areas of bark. Pruning is also a common cause of bark damage, as improper pruning remains a major problem worldwide despite being relatively easy to prevent through the adoption of proper tech- niques and standards (Shigo 1986; Moore 1990; Standards Australia 2007). A successful response by a tree to wounding is usually through compart- mentalization (Shigo and Marx 1977). Trees don’t heal wounds (Shigo and Marx 1977; Shortle 1979), but rather confine or compartmentalize injured ©2017 International Society of Arboriculture and infected wood (Shortle 1979) through wound closure and wound compartmentalization (Harris et al. 2004) that has been described in many tree species (McQuilkin 1950; Neely 1970; Shigo and Marx 1977; Kramer and Kozlowski 1979; Hudler 1984; Smith 1988; Biggs 1990; Harris et al. 2004). One of a tree’s early responses to wounding is the formation of callus tissue that can grow over wounds (Shigo and Marx 1977; Pirone et al. 1988; Moore 1990; Shigo 1991; Harris et al. 2004). Callus tissue is a mass of large, undiffer- entiated, homogeneous parenchyma cells that is formed at the margins of wounds and arises from cambial derivatives or from parenchyma cells of the phloem, cortex, or vascular rays, and from immature xylem rays (Esau 1965; Kramer and Kozlowski 1979). However, it mostly com- monly derives from the cambium (Fahn 1985),
September 2017
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