200 James et al.: Prevention of Pine Wilt of Scots Pine hope for the preservation of certain mature Scots pine in landscapes where the disease is prevalent. Acknowledgments. This research was supported by grants from the Kansas Ar- borist’s Association and the Tree Fund’s John Z. Duling Research Fund. We thank J. David-Maddox and arborists of the Manhattan Kansas Park and Recreation staff for their assistance in this study. We also thank Mark Kottwitz, Kansas City Kansas Parks Department, for assistance. LITERATURE CITED Alby, T. 1975. The incidence and host parasite relationships of selected nematodes and forage grasses. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. Blackburn, K., S.R. Alm, and T.S. Yeh. 1996. Avermectin B1, Isazofos, and Fenamiphos for control of Hoplolaimus geleatus, and Tylenchorhynchus dubius infesting Poa an- nua. Journal of Nematology 28:694–697. Gleason, M., M. Linit, Z. Narjess, P. Donald, N. Tisserat, and L. Giesler. 2000. Pine Wilt: A Fatal Disease of Exotic Pines in the Midwest. Iowa State University, Kansas State University, University of Missouri, University of Ne- braska collaborative bulletin. Grosman, D.M., W.W. Upton, F.A. McCook, and R.F. Bill- ings. 2002. Systemic insecticide injections for control of cone and seed insects in loblolly pine seed orchards- 2 year results. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 26: 146–152. Helson, B., D.B. Lyons, K. Wanner, and S.A. Taylor. 2001. Control of conifer defoliators with neem-based systemic bioinsecticides using a novel injection device. The Cana- dian Entomologist 133:729–744. James, R. 2005. Prevention of pine wilt of Scots pine with systemic abamectin injections. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. Kazuya, T., T. Soejima, T. Suzuki, and K. Kawazu. 1999. Studies on development of a novel trunk-injection agent against the pine wilt disease. Pest Management Science 56:10. Krokene, P., H. Solheim, and B. Langstrom. 2000. Fungal infection and mechanical wounding induce resistance in Scots pine. European Journal of Plant Pathology 106: 537–541. Linit, M.J. 1987. The Insect Component of Pine Wilt Disease in the United States. Pathogenicity of the Pine Wood Nematode. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Malek, R., and J. Appleby. 1984. Epidemiology of pine wilt in Illinois. Plant Disease 68:180–187. Mamiya, Y. 1972. Reproduction of pine lethal wilting disease by the inoculation of young trees with Bursaphelenchus ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture lignicolus [in Japanese with English summary]. Japanese Journal of Nematology 2:40–44. SAS Institute. 1999. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 8, Volumes 1, 2, & 3. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC. Sticher, L., B. Mauch-Mani, and J.P. Metraux. 1997. Sys- temic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathol- ogy 35:235. Wingfield, M.J., P.J. Bedker, and R.A. Blanchette. 1986. Pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus on pines in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Journal of Nematology 18: 44–49. Wingfield, M.J., R.A. Blanchette, T.H. Nicholls, and K. Rob- bins. 1982. Association of pine wood nematode with stressed trees in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Plant Disease 66:934–937. Randall James Owner and Consulting Arborist Growing Concerns, Inc. Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S. Ned Tisserat (corresponding author) Extension Specialist and Professor Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Plant Sciences Bldg. Colorado State University Ft. Collins, CO 80523, U.S.
[email protected] Tim Todd Nematologist Department of Plant Pathology Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S. Zusammenfassung. Wir untersuchten die Effektivität von dem Insektizid/Nematizid Abamectin, um die Kiefernwelke, die durch die Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in der Gemeinen Kiefer verursacht wird, zu verhindern. Die Bewegungen der Kiefernnema- tode waren Nachdem die Nematoden 48 Stunden einer Abamectin- lösung mit 0,1 l a.i. per liter (100 ppb ausgesetzt waren, war die Bewegung deutlich eingeschränkt (> 80% Tod oder Paralyze). Mit- tels einer auf Druck basierenden Stamminjektion (STIT) wurde ein handelsübliches Abamectin-Präparat (AvidTM ) in die Kiefern einge- bracht. Bei dieser Methode können 15 to 30 ml von Avid in weniger als 1 Stunde in den Baum injiziert werden. Die Bäume wurden erfolgreich in den Monaten Feb. März und April bei Temperaturen von 4,4°C behandelt. Das Überleben nach einem Jahr von Kiefern mit 10 cm BHD, Abamectin-Behandlung und subsequenter Nema- todeninokulation war höher (75%) als die mit Wasser behandelten Kontrollbäume (42%). Ähnlich lag die Überlebensrate nach drei Jahren bei den großen Kiefern mit 30 to 60 cm BHD, mit Avid behandelt und einer natürlichen Epidemie von Kiefernwelke ausge-
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