Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(5): September 2006 219 Table 10. Mean comparisons for the significant categories found in the analysis of variance on the crown transparency and crown loss. Species Sugar maple Silver maple Norway maple Average crown transparency 73 a 63 b 82 a Species Sugar maple Silver maple Norway maple Means followed by a different letter are significantly different at P 0.05. damaged trees will survive over the long run. Clearly, this information is still needed to provide urban tree managers with more definitive answers on how to manage ice-damaged trees. Acknowledgments. The original survey of communities that this research is based on was conducted by Jerry Bond while Community Forester at Monroe County Cooperative Extension, Rochester, NY, with funding from the New York State Department of Environmental Conversation through an award of funds from the Federal Emergency Appropriation for ice storm re- covery. The follow-up survey was funded by a TREE Fund Hyland Johns grant, for which the authors gratefully acknowledge the sup- port. LITERATURE CITED Bruederle, L.P., and F.W. Sterns. 1985. Ice storm damage to a southern Wisconsin mesic forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112:167175. Campbell, W.A. 1937. Decay hazard resulting from ice dam- age to northern hardwoods. Journal of Forestry 35: 1156–1158. Campbell, W.A., and R.W. Davidson. 1940. Top rot in glaze- damaged black cherry and sugar maple on the Allegheny plateau. Journal of Forestry 38:963–965. Carvall, K.L., E.H. Tyron, and R.P. True. 1957. Effects of glaze on the development of Appalachian hardwoods. Journal of Forestry 55:130–132. Croxton, W.C. 1939. A study of the tolerance of trees to breakage by ice accumulation. Ecology 20:71–73. Downs, A.A. 1938. Glaze damage in the birch-beech-maple- hemlock type in Pennsylvania and New York. Journal of Forestry 36:63–70. FEMA. 1999. Public Assistance: Debris Management Guide. FEMA Publication 325. http://www.fema.gov/grant/pa/ dmgtoc.shtm (accessed 8/16/06). ———. 2006. Disaster information. http://www.fema.gov/ hazard (accessed 8/16/06). FIA. 2006. FIA Field Methods for Phase 3 Measurements, 2006. http://fia.fs.fed.us/library/field-guides-methods- proc (accessed 8/16/06). Hauer, R.W., W. Wand, and J.O. Dawson. 1993. Ice damage to urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 19:187–194. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/uf/sotuf/chapter_4/ appendix_b/appendixb.htm (accessed 7/1/06). Hauer, R.J., M.C. Hruska, and J.O. Dawson. 1994. Trees and Ice Storms: The Development of Ice-Storm Resistant Ur- ban Tree Populations. Special Pub. 94-1, Department of Forestry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ur- bana, IL. 12 pp. Irland, L.C. 1998. Ice storm 1998 and the forests of the Northeast. A Preliminary Assessment. Journal of Forestry 96:32–40. Lemon, P.C. 1961. Forest ecology of ice storms. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 88:21–29. Melancon, S. and M.J. Lechowicz. 1987. Differences in the damage caused by glaze ice on codominant Acer saccha- rum and Fagus grandifolia. Canadian Journal of Botany 65:1157–1159. Pokorny, J. 2003. Urban Tree Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State and Private For- estry, St. Paul, MN. NA-TP-03-03. http://www.na.fs.fed. us/spfo/pubs/uf/utrmm/ (accessed 8/16/06). Seischab, F.K., J.M. Bernard, and M.D. Eberle. 1993. Glaze damage to western New York forest communities. Bulle- tin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:64–72. Shortle, W.C., and K.T. Smith. 1998a. Prospects for recov- ery. In Ice Storm 1998 and the Forests of the Northeast. Irland, L.C. (coordinator). Journal of Forestry 96:32–40. ———. 1998b. How to determine percent live crown loss in hardwoods before leaf-out. In Ice Storm 1998. USDA Forest Service Information Sheet #1, Durham, NC. http:// www.fs.fed.us/na/durham/ice/public/pub_file/is_fs_ 01.pdf (accessed 8/1/06). Shortle, W.C., K.T. Smith, and K.R. Dudzik. 2003. Tree Sur- vival and Growth Following Ice Storm Injury. Research Paper NE-723. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Re- search Station, Newtown Square, PA. Sisinni, S.M., W.C. Zipperer, and A.G. Pleninger. 1995. Im- pacts from a major ice storm: Street tree damage in Roch- ester, NY. Journal of Arboriculture 21:156–167. ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture Average crown missing 33 a 36 a 19 b Crown loss category 0% to 25% 25% to 50% 50%+ Average crown missing 14 a 40 b 68 b
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