Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(5): September 2006 227 Also, adjustments or improvements could be made to some of the variables in the model. For example, the income variable could be manipulated to represent an economic variable, which is more applicable to the study and easier to interpret and education could be evaluated more extensively. Theory suggests that state education level should be tied to U&CF Program participation (Sims 2004), but this study found no evidence of this. In the future, plans can be made to improve the factors that decrease participation and exploit the factors that increase it. Improved planning and better focus can in- crease public participation in U&CF programs and lead to the enhancement and enrichment of America’s urban areas. This study provides valuable insights into the factors that influence U&CF programs. Planners and policymakers will find these results have significant implications to the success of these programs. LITERATURE CITED Alig, R.J., A.J. Plantinga, S. Ahn, and J.D. Kline. 2003. Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-587. Cubbage, F.W., J. O’Laughlin, and C.S. Bullock. 1993. For- est Resource Policy. Wiley, New York, NY. Demographia.com. 2005. US State Urban Share, Population & Density: 2000. http://www.demographia.com/db- urban2000state.htm (accessed 2/26/06). Economagic.com. 2005. Economagic.com: Economic Time Series Page. http://www.economagic.com (accessed 2/26/ 06). 50states.com. 2005. State Information. http://50states.com (accessed 2/26/06). Gujuarati, D.N. 1999. Essentials of Econometrics. Irwin/ McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. National Center for Education Statistics. 2003. Digest of Edu- cation Statistics, 2003. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d03/tables/dt247.asp (accessed 2/26/06). Robinson, D. 1993. Public participation in environmental de- cision-making. Environmental and Planning Law Journal 10:320–340. Sims, R.G. 2004. School Funding, Taxes, and Economic Growth: An Analysis of the 50 States. National Education Association Research Working Paper, April 2004. South Carolina Forestry Commission. 2005. Urban and Com- munity Forestry Grant Assistance Program. Columbia, SC. http://www.state.sc.us/forest/ucfgrantbr.pdf (accessed 2/26/06). Straka, T.J., A.P. Marsinko, and C.J. Childers. 2005. Indi- vidual characteristics affecting participation in urban and community forestry programs in South Carolina. Journal of Arboriculture 31:129–135. The National Arbor Day Foundation. 2006. Tree City USA. http://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa.cfm (ac- cessed 2/26/06). Thindwa, J., and W. Reuben. 2003. Enabling Environments for Civic Engagement in PRSP Counties. (World Bank) Social Development Notes Note No. 82. US Census Bureau. 2004. Federal, State, and Local Govern- ments. http://www.census.gov/govs/www/ (accessed 2/26/06). ———. 2005. State and County Quick Facts. http:// quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/ (accessed 2/26/06). USDA Forest Service. 2003. USDA Forest Service Resource Assessment. Draft RPA 2002 Forest Resource Tables. http://www.fs.fed.us/pl/rpa/ (accessed 2/26/06). ———. 2004. Urban and Community Forestry—FY 2003 Accomplishment Report. http://www.fs.fed.us/ucf/ reports/accomplishment/2003/ (accessed 2/26/06). USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis. 2005. Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program. http:// www.fia.fs.fed.us/ (accessed 2/26/06). Urban Forestry South Expo. 2005. Urban Forestry Manual. http://www.urbanforestrysouth.org/Resources/ Collections/Collection.2005-06-02.0039 (accessed 2/26/ 06). Verba, S., K.L. Schlozman, and H. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Har- vard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Vesterby, M., and K.S. Krupa. 2001. Major Uses of Land in the United States, 1997. USDA Economic Reporting Ser- vice Statistical Bulletin No. 973. Wates, N. (Ed.). 2000. The Community Planning Handbook: How People Shape Their Cities, Towns and Villages in Any Part of the World. Earthscan Publications, London, UK. Brandon W. Wall Graduate Research Assistant Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Clemson University Box 340317 Clemson, SC 29634-0317, U.S.
[email protected] Thomas J. Straka (corresponding author) Professor Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Clemson University Box 340317 Clemson, SC 29634-0317, U.S.
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