Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(5): September 2006 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2006. 32(5):247–252. 247 Effectiveness of Permethrin Plus-C (Masterline) and Carbaryl (Sevin SL) for Protecting Individual, High-Value Pines (Pinus) From Bark Beetle Attack Christopher J. Fettig, Tom E. DeGomez, Kenneth E. Gibson, Christopher P. Dabney, and Robert R. Borys Abstract. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are commonly recognized as the most important mortality agent in western North American coniferous forests. High-value trees such as those located in residential, recreational, or administrative sites are particularly susceptible to attack. Regardless of landowner objectives, tree losses in these unique environments generally have a catastrophic impact. The value of these individual trees, the cost of removal, and the loss of aesthetics may justify protection until the main thrust of a bark beetle infestation subsides. This situation emphasizes the need for assuring that effective insecticides are available for individual tree protection. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of permethrin plus-C (Masterline) and carbaryl (Sevin SL) for protecting ponderosa, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws., lodgepole, P. contorta Dougl. ex Loud., and pinyon, P. edulis Engelm., pines from bark beetle attack during two field seasons. Masterline was effective for protecting P. contorta from mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, attack for one field season. However, Sevin SL was efficacious for two field seasons. An insufficient number of P. ponderosa and P. edulis control trees were killed to make definitive conclusions regarding efficacy in those systems. The data reported here regarding Masterline is the first published report on its effectiveness for preventing bark beetle attack on standing trees. Masterline appears to be an effective individual tree protection tool, but repeated applications will be necessary if multiyear control is desired. Key Words. Carbaryl; permethrin; Dendroctonus brevicomis; Dendroctonus ponderosae; Ips confusus; ponderosa pine; lodgepole pine; pinyon pine. The Scolytidae is a large and diverse group of insects con- sisting of approximately 550 species in North America and over 6,000 species worldwide (Wood 1982). Most feed on the phloem or xylem tissue of woody plants, and a few species are recognized as the most destructive of all forest insect pests. The western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is a major cause of pon- derosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws., mortality in the western United States and particularly in California (Fur- niss and Carolin 1977). Under certain conditions, this species can aggressively attack and kill apparently healthy trees of all ages and size classes (Miller and Keen 1960). In recent years, the amount of D. brevicomis-caused tree mortality reached unprecedented levels in the mountains of San Bernardino and Riverside counties, California, where approximately 61,000 ha (150,731 ac) were infested (USDA Forest Service 2002). The mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, is the most destructive bark beetle in western North America. The species ranges throughout British Columbia, Alberta, most of the western United States, and into northern Mexico and colonizes several pine species, most notably lodgepole, P. contorta Dougl. ex Loud., P. ponderosa, sugar, P. lamberti- ana Dougl, and western white, P. monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. (Furniss and Carolin 1977). Large-scale infestations of- ten occur in mature P. contorta stands in a near contiguous pattern and across extensive areas. In 2004 and 2005, unprec- edented levels of D. ponderosae-caused tree mortality were recorded in British Columbia where an estimated 8.5 million ha (21 million ac) are infested (Wilent 2005). The pinyon ips, Ips confusus (LeConte), is a major cause of pinyon, P. edulis Engelm. and P. monophylla Torr. & Frem., pine mortality throughout the southwestern United States (Furniss and Carolin 1977). In recent years, large infestations have been associated with extended periods of drought. In 2003, the USDA Forest Service estimated that 15% to 30% of pinyon had been killed on over 1.6 million ha (4 million ac) (USDA Forest Service 2004). ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture
September 2006
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