254 Arboricultural Abstracts need for research demonstrating the economic and perfor- mance advantages of ecological design; strengthened infor- mation dissemination forums for practitioners; and marketing and education efforts directed to all project stakeholders. The paper presents the survey results, relates them to similar stud- ies in allied fields, discusses strategy use and challenges within the framework of Classical Diffusion Theory, and iden- tifies opportunities and forums where the challenges might be addressed. (Landscape and Urban Planning 2005. 73(1):29–48) MANAGEMENT OF COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) WITH A NOVEL TRANSPLANT SOAK AND BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDES TO CONSERVE COCCINELLID BEETLES Emily G. Tenczar and Vera A. Krischik Biorational foliar sprays and a novel application method of soaking transplants in imidacloprid were evaluated for con- trol of adult and larval cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta F.) on hybrid poplar, with emphasis on conservation of coccinellid predators. Foliar sprays of four biorational in- secticides killed adult and larval C. scripta: Bacillus thuring- iensis (Bt) var. tenebrionis (Novodor), Bt var. kurstaki (Raven), spinosad (Conserve SC), and azadirachtin (Azatin XL) (larvae only) but did not kill two species of coccinellids, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Meneville and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). Only imidacloprid (Admire 2) and carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) killed two species of coccinellids and adult and larval C. scripta. We evaluated a novel stick soak method for systemically applying imidacloprid by soaking poplar sticks in Admire 2 solutions of 3 and 6 mL/L for 48 h before planting. The imidacloprid in the sticks was translocated to the leaves and reduced survivorship of adult and larval C. scripta for 10 mo without any symptoms of phytotoxicity. The novel stick soak method did not kill two species of coccinellids when foraging on leaves. (Journal of Economic Entomology 2006. 99(1):102–108) LEARNING PREFERENCES, JOB SATISFACTION, COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS, AND URBAN FORESTRY PRACTICES OF NEW ENGLAND (USA) TREE WARDENS Robert M. Ricard and David V. Bloniarz The first state-legislated and mandated municipal urban for- estry officials in the United States were tree wardens. Mas- sachusetts state law enabled municipalities to appoint tree wardens first in 1896 and mandated their appointment begin- ning in 1899; five other states passed similar legislation shortly thereafter. These municipal officials have jurisdiction over most, and sometimes all, public trees in the municipality they serve. This study used a structured mail survey to ex- plore ways tree wardens acquire professional information, what modes of learning they prefer, how they interact with their communities, and what urban forestry tasks they do. Results suggest that New England tree wardens acquire in- ©2006 International Society of Arboriculture formation in several ways, including the Internet, yet prefer traditional outreach education tools such as workshops and conferences, especially those that involve more than one speaker, informational handouts, and both indoor and outdoor lectures and exercises. Tree wardens highly value interacting with other tree wardens and depend on peers and colleagues for information and assistance in decision making. They also value other organizations, such as the Cooperative Extension system, state forestry agencies, and state tree warden asso- ciations, for information. Results further suggest that public safety is their primary motivation and that they spend most of their time on associated tasks such as risk tree assessment and removal. They recognize the value of tree replacement and certain urban forestry planning practices such as tree risk assessment and inventories. Tree wardens place less impor- tance on municipal shade tree ordinances and shade tree or urban forest committees or commissions. It is recommended that people and organizations responsible for tree warden education conduct activities that bring tree wardens together frequently and combine social and educational activities and emphasize traditional outreach education delivery systems. (Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 2006. 5:1–15) RESIDENTS AND URBAN GREEN SPACES: THE CASE OF BARI Giovanni Sanesia and Francesco Chiarellob The total area of public green spaces in the city of Bari, Italy, is more limited than in most other Italian cities (2.9 m2/ inhabitant). This fact makes it an interesting subject for re- search into the general perception that the residents of the city have of green spaces and their behavior patterns when using them. A questionnaire (27 questions) was presented by tele- phone to a representative sample (n351) of the population of Bari. The aims of the study were (1) to gain insight in the perception of green spaces with particular reference to those green areas within the city itself; (2) to examine behavior during visits to parks and gardens and means of transport used to reach them; and (3) to investigate what kind of rela- tionship should be set up between the local authority and the population regarding information and participation. The re- sults show that respondents perceive the green areas as a life quality enhancer in accordance with some previous studies carried out in Italy and in other countries. Citizens are more- over conscious of the limitations in quality and quantity of green areas in their own city, although this result needs to be more closely analyzed in the future. Patterns in the use of public green areas proved to be strictly connected with age, sex, marital status, and area of residence. Another condition- ing factor was the system of mobility. The results underline how citizens see the public and private green areas as single beneficial system. The research also demonstrates the poten- tials of applying telephone surveys in studies concerning urban forests. (Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 2006. 4:125–134)
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