Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(6): November 2015 well adapted to heat, cold, drought, and variable soil types (Liu 1989; Pair 1994; Wang et al. 2006; Fox and Montague 2009). Freeman maples are the result of controlled pollination, or natural crosses between red and silver maples (Bachtell 1989; Santamour 1993) and considerable genetic variation in relation to drought tolerance exists within parent popula- tions (Bachtell 1989; Abrams and Kubiske 1990; Santamour 1993; Zwack et al. 1998; Bauerle et al. 2003). With increased emphasis on sustainable and stress-resistant trees in urban landscapes (Zwack et al. 1998), it is urgent for trees planted in urban land- scapes to be acclimated to those environments. This research demonstrates ‘Autumn Blaze’ and shantung maple trees are well adapted to the high-tempera- ture, high-VPD, low soil moisture conditions found in many urban sites. For over three growing seasons, each species maintained acceptable growth, appear- ance, form, and health under extreme climatic and soil moisture conditions. There is a great need for well-designed, long-term research to investigate response of tree species to urban growing condi- tions (Cregg and Dix 2001). Therefore, this research demonstrates long-term field research in semi-arid climates can replicate urban growing conditions, and be used to help increase the knowledge base of tree species adapted to harsh, urban environments. Acknowledgments. Support for this project was provided in part by funding from the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University. Manuscript No. T-4-670 of the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the author or Texas Tech University, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable. LITERATURE CITED Abrams, M.D., and M.E. Kubiske. 1990. Photosynthesis and water relations during drought in Acer rubrum L. genotypes from contrasting sites in central Pennsylvania. Function Ecology 4:727–733. Allen, R.G. 2000. REF-ET: Reference evapotranspiration calcula- tion soſtware. Windows Version 2.01.17. Department of Biol- ogy and Agricultural Engineering. University of Idaho, Moscow. Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, M. Smith, D. Raes, and J.L. Wright. 2005. FAO-56 crop coefficient method for estimating evaporation from soil and application extensions. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineers-ASCE 131:2–13. Anderson, L.M., and H.K. Cordell. 1988. Influence of trees on residential property values in Athens, Georgia (USA): A survey based on actual sales prices. Landscape and Urban Planning 15:153–164. 343 Anonymous. 2008. The Cross Section. High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1. 54(3):3. Bachtell, K.R. 1989. A fortunate blend: Freeman maple, a hybrid of red and silver maples, show promise for tough urban sites. American Nurseryman 169(8):40–43. Barton, A.J., and C.S. Walsh. 2000. Effect of transplanting on water relations and canopy development in Acer. Journal of Environ- mental Horticulture 18:202–206. Bauerle, W.L., J.B. Dudley, and L.W. Grimes. 2003. Genotypic vari- ability in photosynthesis, water use, and light absorption among red and Freeman maple cultivars in response to drought stress. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128:337–342. Beeson, R.C. 2005. Modeling irrigation requirements for landscape ornamentals. HortTechnology 15:18–22. Berrang, P., D.F. Karnosky, and B.J. Stanton. 1985. Environmental factors affecting tree health in New York City. Journal of Arbo- riculture 11:185–189. Bush S.E., D.E. Pataki, K.R. Hultine, A.G. West, J.S. Sperry, and J.R. Ehleringer. 2008. Wood anatomy constrains stomatal responses to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit in irrigated, urban trees. Oecologia 156:13–20. Campbell, G.S., and J.M. Norman. 1998. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics, second edition. Springer, New York, U.S. 286 pp. Carrow, R.N. 1995. Drought resistance aspects of turfgrasses in the southeast: Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients. Crop Science 35:1685–1690. Choudury, B.J., and J.L. Monteith. 1986. Implications of stomatal response to saturation deficit for the heat balance of vegetation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 36:215–225. Clark, J.R., and R. Kjelgren. 1990. Water as a limiting factor in the development of urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 16:203–208. Costello, L. 2013. Urban trees and water: An overview of studies on irrigation needs in the western United States and a discus- sion regarding future research. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39:132–135. Creeg, B.M. 1995. Plant moisture stress of green ash trees in con- trasting urban sites. Journal of Arboriculture 21:271–276. Cregg, B.M., and M.E. Dix. 2001. Tree moisture stress and insect damage in urban areas in relation to heat island effects. Journal of Arboriculture 27:8–16. Doll, D., J.K.S. Ching, and J. Kaneshiro. 1985. Parameterization of subsurface heating for soil and concrete using net radiation data. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 32:351–372. Dwyer, J.F., E.G. McPherson, H.W. Schroeder, and R.A. Rowntree. 1992. Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest. Arbo- riculture & Urban Forestry 18:227–234. Ervin, E.H., and A.J. Koski. 1998. Drought avoidance aspects and crop coefficients of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue turfs in the semiarid west. Crop Science 38:788–795. Fahey, R.T., M.B. Bialecki, and D.R. Carter. 2013. Tree growth and resilience to extreme drought across an urban land-use gradient. Arboriculture & Urban Greening 39:279–285. Fluckiger, W., and S. Braun. 1981. Perspectives of reducing the del- eterious effect of de-icing salt upon vegetation. Plant and Soil 63:527–529. Foster, R.S., and J. Blaine. 1978. Urban tree survival: Trees in the sidewalk. Journal of Arboriculture 4:14–17. ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
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