Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 41(6): November 2015 CONCLUSION Although 100% street tree inventories provide the most useful data for day-to-day street tree man- agement, simple random sampling of a street tree population can provide an easy means to gather information on the street tree resource. For many cities, a 2%–3% sampling of block segments with known block lengths will provide around a 10% relative standard error for estimates of the total number of trees. Fewer block segments would be needed using ratio estimates. Smaller cities with relatively few trees may require significantly more samples to attain the same relative standard error. For estimates of subpopulation characteristics (e.g., individual species), the relative standard error or estimate uncertainty will increase. The infor- mation gained from these sample data can be used to improve urban forest management and budget estimates, as well as provide a means to assess tree damage aſter catastrophic events and evaluate changes in the street tree population. Acknowledgments. Thanks to the Davey Resource Group for pro- viding the street tree data used in this study. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agri- culture or Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. LITERATURE CITED Alvarez, I.A., G. Del Nero Velasco, H. Sundfeld Barbin, A.M. Liner Pereira Lima, and H.T. Zarate do Couto. 2005. Comparison of two sampling methods for estimating urban tree density. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 31(5):209–214. Cochran, W.G. 1977. Sampling Techniques, third edition. John Wi- ley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S. Jaenson, R., N. Bassuk, S. Schwager, and D. Headley. 1992. A statis- tical method for the accurate and rapid sampling of urban street tree populations. Journal of Arboriculture 18(4):171–183. Levy, P.S., and S. Lemeshow. 1991. Sampling of Populations: Methods and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S. Maco, S.E., and E.G. McPherson. 2003. A practical approach to as- sessing structure, function, and value of street tree populations in small communities. Journal of Arboriculture 29(2): 84–97. Mohai, P., L. Smith, F. Valentine, W. Stiteler, T. Elias, and R. Westfall. 1978. Structure of urban street tree populations and sampling designs for estimating their parameters. Metropolitan Tree Im- provement Alliance (METRIA) proceedings. 1:28–43. Schaeffer, R.L., W. Mendenhall, and L. Ott. 1986. Elementary Sur- vey Sampling. Duxbury Press, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 353 Smiley, E.T., and F.A. Baker. 1988. Options in street tree inventories. Journal of Arboriculture 14(2):36–42. Soares, A.L., F.C. Rego, E.G. McPherson, J.R. Simpson, P.J. Peper, and Q. Xiao. 2011. Benefits and costs of street trees in Lisbon, Portugal. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10:69–78 Stanovick, J.S., R.D. Zweifel, and B. Wagner. 2002. Precision of sta- tistics derived from a statewide angler survey. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22:1266–1269. Street Tree Calculator. 2015. Street Tree Sample Population Calcu- lator.
Sun, W.Q., and N.L. Bassuk. 1991. Approach to determine effective sampling size for urban street tree survey. Landscape and Urban Planning 20:277–283. Tate, R.L. 1985. Uses of street tree inventory data. Journal of Arbo- riculture 11(7):210–213. Thompson, S.K. 2002. Sampling, second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S. U.S. Census Bureau. 2013. TIGER/Line Shapefiles. Last accessed Jan- uary 2013. Valentine, F.A., R.D. Westfall, and P.D. Manion. 1978. Street tree assessment by a survey sampling procedure. Journal of Arbori- culture 4(3):49–57. David J. Nowak (corresponding author) Project Leader USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 5 Moon Library, SUNY-ESF Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S. [email protected] Jeffrey T. Walton Professor Paul Smith’s College Routes 86 & 30 P.O. Box 265 Paul Smiths, New York 12970-0265, U.S. [email protected] James Baldwin Statistician USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station 800 Buchanan St. West Annex Building Albany, California 94710-0011, U.S. [email protected] Jerry Bond Consulting Urban Forester Urban Forest Analytics LLC 3904 Willowdale Lane Geneva, New York 14456-9267, U.S. ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
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