Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 44(4): July 2018 western United States requires the frequent appli- cation of irrigation, the effects of irrigation on aboveground growth might be expected to over- ride measurable container effects on growth during the establishment period. Measuring aboveground growth 5–15 years following planting might reveal growth differences reflective of long-term container effects on rooting and the ability of those root systems to sustain optimal aboveground growth. CONCLUSIONS While a number of container studies have ex- amined the root growth of trees and shrubs during nursery production, few have examined container effects on total root growth following transplanting in the landscape. The work pub- lished here appears novel in that researchers ex- cavated complete, intact tree root systems and documented the location of new fine and coarse roots (relative to the original root ball) for three years following planting. Unlike Gilman et al. (2003), who found no container effects on root- ing five years after red maples were planted in the landscape, researchers of the current study found significant quantitative container effects in the second and third year following planting. This research, with Chanticleer pear and three found that nursery production container types, using BP containers resulted in circling roots both in the container and following transplanting in the landscape, consequently reducing the amount of lateral growth beyond the original root ball. Con- versely, trees produced in fabric containers had fewer circling roots and root matting at planting, produced fewer circling roots, and had 25%–30% more roots outside of the original root ball than BP-grown trees. Because circling roots are more likely to lead to the development of stem-girdling roots as trees mature in the landscape, research- ers suggest that growers consider the use of fabric containers as alternatives to black plastic because of the short- and long-term positive effects they can have on tree root growth. While circling and stem-girdling roots can be corrected at or pos- sibly following planting, it can be argued that the use of alternative fabric containers during produc- tion to prevent these rooting problems could be easier, more effective, and less costly than doing so during or aſter planting the tree in the landscape. 171 An obvious limitation to this study is that it was conducted with one tree species; researchers are not suggesting that similar container effects will occur with all other tree species. Also, root growth was examined over just three growing seasons. Long-term studies (5–10 years) using additional species are necessary to determine if the container effects observed with the one spe- cies occur with other species, and if the beneficial effects extend beyond two to three years following planting. When container-grown trees have pro- duced circling or matted roots, pruning or shav- ing to remove circling, matted, or deformed roots at the time of landscape planting may discourage continued circling root growth, while encourag- ing more lateral root production—important for stabilizing landscape trees (against wind) follow- ing planting (Gilman and Wiese 2012; Gilman et al. 2015). The authors recommend that nursery producers more carefully consider the potential benefits of growing trees in fabric containers and that end-users be receptive to planting trees that have been produced in fabric containers. LITERATURE CITED Arnold, M.A., and D.K. Struve. 1989. Green ash establishment following transplant. Journal of the American Society for Horti- cultural Science 114:591–595. Beeson, R.C., Jr., and R. Newton. 1992. Shoot and root responses of eighteen southeastern woody landscape species grown in cupric hydroxide-treated containers. Journal of Environmental Horti- culture 10:214–217. Davidson, H., R. Mecklenburg, and C. Peterson. 2000. Nursery Management: Administration and Culture, fourth edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S. 529 pp. Gilman, E.F. 1990. Tree root growth and development, II. Response to culture, management, and planting. Journal of Environmen- tal Horticulture 8:220–227. Gilman, E.F. 1997. Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes. Delmar Publishers, Albany, New York, U.S. 688 pp. Gilman, E.F. 2001. Effect of nursery production method, irrigation, and inoculation with mycorrhizae-forming fungi on establish- ment of Quercus virginiana. Journal of Arboriculture 27:30–39. Gilman, E.F., and C. Harchick. 2014. Root system morphology influences lateral stability of Swietenia mahagoni. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 40(1):27–35. Gilman, E.F., and C. Wiese. 2012. Root pruning at planting and planting depth in the nursery impact root system morphology and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(5):229–236. Gilman, E.F., and M. Paz. 2014. Container production strategies influence root ball morphology. Arboriculture & Urban For- estry 40(1):16–26. Gilman, E.F., and R.C. Beeson. 1996. Nursery production method affects root growth. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14:88–91. ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture
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