196 Conway and Lue: Resident Knowledge and Support for Private Tree By-Laws in Greater Toronto Area well, neighborhoods with a higher percentage of single family, fully-detached on-the-ground houses were selected, so our results may not be repre- sentative of other types of landowners. Finally, we did not explore if residents have (knowingly or accidently) violated the by-law or previously applied for a tree removal permit, and whether these are related to awareness or level of support. Given the limited enforcement and high rate of permit approvals, at least in Toronto, the pri- mary role of private tree by-laws may be as tools to educate urban landowners about the value of retaining large trees (and replacement plantings, when removals do occur), rather than as a way to limit most tree removals. The uneven levels of knowledge and relatively low support for the cur- rent regulations highlight the need for better out- reach to ensure residents understand the purpose of the by-laws, and more broadly, the benefits of large trees within the urban forest. This could be addressed through a multiyear, multimedia cam- paign, as well as through ongoing programs target- ing new homeowners and newcomers to Canada. Acknowledgments. We thank the survey participants who took the time to complete the survey. We also thank Andrew Almas, Vivian Yip, Kiran Shahzad, and Jennifer Vander Vecht for assisting with survey administration during the summer of 2014. LITERATURE CITED City of Toronto. 2010. Every Tree Counts: A Portrait of Toronto’s Urban Forest. Urban Forestry, Parks, Forestry and Recreation, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. City of Toronto. 2013. Sustaining and Expanding the Urban For- est: Toronto’s Strategic Forest Management Plan. Urban For- estry, Parks, Forestry and Recreation, City of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Cole, D.C., L. Vanderlinden, J. Leah, R. Whate, C. Mee, M. Biene- feld, S. Wanigaratne, and M. Campbell. 2011. Municipal bylaw to reduce cosmetic/non-essential pesticide use on household lawns: A policy implementation evaluation. Environmental Health 10:74. Conway, T.M., and E. Bang. 2014. Willing partners? Residential support for municipal urban forestry policies Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13:234–243. Conway, T.M., and L. Urbani. 2007. Variations in municipal urban forestry policies: A case study of Toronto, Ontario. Urban Forestry & Greening 6:181–192. Conway, T.M., and V. Yip. 2016. Assessing residents’ reactions to urban forest disservices: A case study of a major storm event. Landscape and Urban Planning 153:1–10. Cooper, J.C. 1996. Legislation to protect and replace trees on private land: ordinances in Westchester County, New York. Journal of Arboriculture 22(6):270–278. Coughlin, R., D. Mendes, and A. Strong. 1988. Local programs in the United States for preventing the destruction of trees on private land. Landscape and Urban Planning 15:165–171. Dickerson, S.D., J.W. Groninger, and J.C. Mangun. 2001. Influences of community characteristics on municipal tree ordinances in Illinois, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture 27(6):318–325. Dillman, D.A. 2007. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, second edition. John Wiley, New York, New York, U.S. 544 pp. Driscoll, A.N, P.D. Riesa, J.H. Tilt, and L.M. Ganiob. 2015. Needs and barriers to expanding urban forestry programs: An as- sessment of community officials and program managers in the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan region. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14:48–55. Dwyer, J.F., D.J. Nowak, and G.W. Watson. 2002. Future directions for urban forestry research in the United States. Journal of Arboriculture 28(5):231–236. Elmendorf, W.F., V.J. Cotrone, and J.T. Mullen. 2003. Trends in urban forestry practices, programs, and sustainability: Con- trasting a Pennsylvania, U.S., study. Journal of Arboriculture 29(4):237–248. Gibson-Wood, H., S. Wakefield, L. Vanderlinden, M. Bienefeld, D. Cole, J. Baxter, and L. Jermyn. 2012. ‘A drop of water in the pool’: Information and engagement of linguistic communi- ties around a municipal pesticide bylaw to protect the public’s health. Critical Public Health 22(3):341–353. Gilbert, M., and C.L. Brack. 2007. Changes in public requests to remove significant urban trees aſter severe bushfires in Canberra, Australia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6:41–48. Jones, R.E., K.L. Davis, and J. Bradford. 2012. The value of trees: Factors influencing homeowner support for protecting local urban trees. Environment and Behavior 45(5):650–676. Kelly, A.H. 2013. Tree preservation orders: A new vision? pp. 1–11. In: S. Kajewski, K. Manley, and K. Hampson (Eds.). Proceed- ings of the 19th Cib World Building Congress, Brisbane 2013: Construction and Society. Queensland University of Technol- ogy, Brisbane, Australia. Kielbaso, J.J., B. Beauchamp, K. Larison, and C. Randall. 1988. Trends in Urban Forestry Management, Baseline Data Report, 20(1). Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association. Landry, S., and R. Pu. 2010. The impact of land development regu- lation on residential tree cover: An empirical evaluation using high-resolution IKONOS imagery. Landscape and Urban Plan- ning 94:94–104. Larson, K.L., E. Cook, C. Strawhacker, and S.J. Hall. 2010. The influence of diverse values, ecological structure, and geograph- ic context on residents’ multifaceted landscaping decisions. Human Ecology 38:747–761. Locke, D.H., and J.M. Grove. 2016. Doing the hard work where it’s easiest? Examining the relationships between urban green- ing programs and social and ecological characteristics. Applied Spatial Analysis 9:77–96. Lorenzo, A.B., A.B. Catalino, Y. Qi, and M.M. Guidry. 2000. Assessing residents’ willingness to pay to preserve the commu- nity urban forest: A small scale study. Journal of Arboriculture 26(6):319–325. Nielson, L., and C.L. Smith. 2005. Influences on residential yard care and water quality: Tualatin watershed, Oregon. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41(1):93–106. ©2018 International Society of Arboriculture
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