Table of Contents Karel A. Jacobs THE POTENTIAL OF MULCH TO TRANSMIT THREE TREE PATHOGENS ................................................................ 235 Abstract. Field transmission of Sphaeropsis tip blight, Botryosphaeria canker, and Armillaria root rot was evaluated in a 6-year study of 30 sa lings each of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), and red oak (Quercus rubra) mulched with diseased nee- dles, bark chips, and wood chips collected from mature trees. Half of the saplings were mulched with fresh mulch materials; half with mate- rials first heated to 60°C (140°F). Sphaeropsis tip blight was the only disease that developed during the study, and pines mulched with heat- treated materials developed significantly fewer (P ≤ 0.001) blighted tips than those mulched with fresh materials (6.8% versus 15.1%). Naturally occurring inoc lum of S. sapinea and B. ribis were highly tolerant of heat in laboratory tests and remained viable aſter 6 weeks and 48 h expo- sure, respectively, to 55°C (131°F). Armillaria gallica mycelium and rhizomorphs did not withstand temperatures above 35°C (95°F) and 37°C (98.6°F), respectively. The heated mulch treatment was associated with a significant (P ≤ 0.001) growth boost in redbuds and oaks during the first two growing seasons. Redbuds averaged two times more height and diameter increment than plants mulched with fresh bark and wood chips. Heating diseased mulch to 60°C (140°F) diminished the threat of tip blight transmission and likely killed all forms of the pathogens. Key Words. Armillaria gallica; Botryosphaeria ribis; Cercis canadensis; Composting; Disease Transmission; Fungi; Heat Inactivation; Pasteuriza- tion; Pinus nigra; Quercus rubra; Sphaeropsis sapinea. Christopher J. Fettig, Jeffrey G. Fidgen, and Scott M. Salom WHAT DO PEOPLE WANT FROM THEIR COMMUNITY FORESTS? RESULTS OF A PUBLIC ATTITUDE SURVEY IN MISSOURI, U.S. ........................................................................... 243 Abstract. A self-administered survey of randomly selected recipients in 44 Missouri, U.S., communities found that most Missourians were very concerned about the quality of natural resources and having trees on streets and in parks. Respondents felt that Missouri was not doing well at making sure fewer trees are lost during development and at managing stormwater runoff. Residents in communities with a population of 50,000 or more, in the St. Louis and Kansas City suburbs, and in the cities of St. Louis and Kansas City show strong support for a ballot issue establishing a tree fund supported by a tax of US$5 or less. Missourians in communities with a population greater than 5,000 showed support for protecting or replacing trees during development through passage of a tree preservation ordinance. They lack basic knowledge of their community’s tree program and could not correctly say whether their community was certified by The National Arbor Day Foundation as a Tree City USA. They are most likely to seek information on trees from their local garden center. The results of the survey, together with recent surveys of community forestry officials and street tree inventories, are used to make recommendations to state agencies charged with managing community forests. Key Words. Missouri, U.S.; Public Attitude; Survey Research; Tree Program; Urban and Community Forestry. Jack Eric Vandenbroucke, Catherine Gaucher, and Norbert Major BIOLOGICAL VEGETATION MANAGEMENT: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL PESTICIDES ........................................................................................................ 251 Abstract. We present data collected at 3 and 6 years on a rightsof- way project with Myco-Tech™ paste. This paste is based on a natu- rally occu ring fungus (Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pouzar) in temperate climates that initiates wood decay. The proj- ect was done in Ste Agathe, Québec, Canada, in 1998. Aſter 6 years in the treated area, sprouting was sparse (density = 22,500 stems/ha [9,000 stems/ac]), and mean height was approximately 2.6 m (8.6 ſt). In the control area, sprouting was uniform (den- sity > 132,500 stems/ha [53,000 stems/ac]) and mean height was approximately 6 m (20 ſt). According to Hydro-Québec’s clear- ance standard at that site, the control area should have been cut last year. In the treated area, clearing is not needed for at least 3 to 4 years. Key Words. Biological Vegetation Management; Chondrostereum purpureum; Competitive Deciduous Species; Contour Maps; Herbicide, Inte- grated Vegetation Management; Mechanical Cutting; Myco-TechTM ; Pesticide; Resprouting; Rights-of-Way; Stump Treatment. Jerald S. Bricker and Jean C. Stutz HOST RANGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHYTOPLASMA CAUSING ARIZONA ASH DECLINE .......................................................................................................................... 257 Abstract. Ash decline (AD), caused by a phytoplasma, is a progressive dieback disease previously reported in Fraxinus velutina. The host range and distribution of AD is discussed based on samples collected from ash trees sampled from across the state of Arizona, U.S., inclu ing both wild-type F. velutina in riparian areas and F. velutina cv. Modesto, F. velutina cv. Rio Grande, and F. uhdei in landscaped areas. The results of the statewide survey indicate that AD is found in native and cultivated ash trees, with F. velutina cv. Modesto exhibit- ing the hig est (100%) level of disease in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Wild-type F. velutina and F. velutina cv. Rio Grande also exhib- ited AD symptoms but with lower frequency and severity. Fraxinus uhdei did not exhibit symptoms of AD. Phytoplasma infection was detected in all tree types of F. velutina trees using DAPI staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but was not detected in F. uhdei. Higher frequency of phytoplasma infection was detected in tree canopies versus roots in contrast to previous results reported in white ash. PCR was found to be more efficient at detecting the low-titer infection levels typical of F. velutina in comparison to DAPI staining. Key Words. Ash Yellows; Fraxinus; Fraxinus velutina; Fraxinus uhdei; Host Specificity; Shamal Ash; Velvet Ash. ©2005 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
September 2005
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