264 Yahner and Hutnik: Integrated Vegetation Management on ROW Hutnik 2004a). Treatment units on the ROW are rectangu- lar in shape, 0.32 to 1 ha (0.8 to 2.47 ac) each, and span the entire width of the ROW. In 1987, five treatments were applied: handcut, mowing, mowing plus herbicide, foliage spray, and stem– foliage spray (Yahner and Hutnik 2004a). In the handcut unit, woody vegetation was cut to a 10 cm (4 in.) height in wire zones, and undesirable trees were cut in border zones. In mowing units, vegetation was mowed in wire zones. In mowing plus herbicide units, vegetation was mowed in wire zones, and a broadcast spray was applied immediately using a mix of Tordon K (0.75%), Garlon 3A (0.75%), water, and blue dye. In foliage spray units, Accord, Clean Cut, and 38F in water was applied to the foliage of all trees and tall shrubs in wire zones. In stem– foliage spray units, a selective stem–foliage spray of Tordon 101, Garlon 3A (0.5%), water, and blue dye was applied to all trees and tall shrubs in wire zones. In border zones of mowing, mowing plus herbicide, foliage spray, and stem–foliage spray units, a low-volume selective basal spray was applied to target trees using Access and Garlon 4 in Arborchem basal oil. Six treatments were applied in 1993, including the same five used in an earlier treatment of the ROW in 1987 plus a Krenite treatment (Yahner and Hutnik 2004a). In 1993, the handcut unit was treated as in 1987, but one-third of the handcut unit was given a selective foliage spray using Krenite S and water in wire zones; a selective foliage spray was applied in border zones to trees consisting of Garlon 3A, Escort, and surfactant 41A in water. In 1993, wire zones in the mowing units were treated as in 1987; however, wire zones in mowing plus herbicide units did not need retreatment, wire zones in foliage spray units were treated with Garlon 3A and water, and wire zones in stem–foliage spray units were treated with Accord and surfactant in water. Also in 1993, border zones in mowing, mowing plus herbicide, and foliage spray units were given a low-volume selective basal spray of Garlon 4 and Arsenal in basal oil. Five treatments were applied in 1999 to the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area: handcut, mow- ing, mowing plus herbicide, stem–foliage spray, and foliage spray (Yahner and Hutnik 2004b). In 1999, the Krenite spray unit in the 1993 treatment was reincorpo- rated into the original handcut unit, and this unit was cut as in previous treatments. Wire zones of mowing units were treated as in 1987, and border zones of these units and those of the following three treatment units were treated with a low-volume selective basal spray of Garlon 4 in Arborchem basal oil. Wire zones in mowing plus herbicide units were cut as in the 1987 treatment and then sprayed 10 weeks later with Tordon K and Thinvert in water. Trees and tall shrubs in wire zones of stem– ©2005 International Society of Arboriculture foliage spray units were treated with Garlon 3A and Tordon K in water; trees and tall shrubs in wire zones of foliage spray units were treated with Accord and Chemsurf 80 in water. VEGETATION MEASUREMENTS Vegetation was measured on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area during May to mid-June in 1999, 2003, and 2004 (Yahner et al. 1999, 2003b; Yahner and Hutnik 2004a). We counted target (undesirable) trees at least 0.3 m (1 ft) in height within two permanent transect belts (each 20 m [66 ft] long × 2 m [6.6 ft] wide) in wire zone and within two to three corresponding permanent transect belts (each 10 m [33 ft] long × 2 m [6.6 ft] wide) that extended east from wire zone transects and into adjacent border zones. Vegetation in the east border zone only was measured because the west border zone on the Green Lane ROW was adjacent to a ROW maintained by PP&L utility company. We counted only those trees within a given transect belt (i.e., trees rooted outside a belt with foliage extending into the belt were not counted). Using these data, we calculated the density of target trees (no./ha) in each treatment unit and zone. In addition, we noted the maximum height (m) of target trees in both wire and border zones of each unit in the vicinity of each transect belt. We also determined plant cover types within a 5 m (16.4 ft) radius plot placed in the center of each transect belt in wire and border zones of each unit, using the Braun-Blanquet method for estimating abundance and sociability of major plants. From these several estimates within each treatment unit, we calculated plant cover type(s) in each unit as forb, grass, shrub, tree, or a combination of these. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vegetation in 1999 Prior to Treatments in June 1999 Excellent to moderate control of target trees was observed in herbicidal units. Excellent control of target trees was noted in wire zones of mowing plus herbicide units (618– 642 trees/ha [250–260 trees/ac]), even though 12 years had elapsed since the 1987 treatment (Yahner et al. 1999). Moderate tree density (741–1,976 trees/ha [300–800 trees/ac]) was typical in wire zones of stem–foliage and foliage spray units. In contrast, tree control was poor in wire zones of mechanical units (mowing: 4,446–5,311 trees/ha [1,800–2,150 trees/ac]; handcut: 4,570 trees/ha [1,850 trees/ac]). Tree density in border zones of all units, except handcut, averaged 2,668 trees/ha (1,080 trees/ac); in handcut, density was 3,458 trees/ha (1,400 trees/ac).
September 2005
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