192 systems. Users’ perceptions of urban ecosystems— services or disservices—can give valuable input for decision making. With dynamic data sets, the plan- ning, design, and management of ecosystems can be further professionalized and based on active inputs from park users (Randrup and Persson 2009). Finally, the approaches to frame ecosystem disservices are still very underdeveloped com- pared with that of services. A coherent approach could be mirroring the classification of services, with cultural ecosystem services relating to cul- tural ecosystem disservices and so forth. The issue of developing a coherent approach of ecosystem disservices should be addressed in future research. It can be concluded that complaint/comment records at municipal park departments already give park managers a picture of how urban greenspaces provides disservices to urban dwellers. This picture is no doubt incomplete, but could be improved with a structured recording of the type of person (age, gender) who actually perceives disservices, the kinds of places in which the disservices are perceived, and full details of the kinds of disservices actually perceived. Structured recording would allow for continuous learning within municipal park depart- ments and would also enable further research. The rapid development of communication technologies offers possibilities for fast and easy data collection from users. The challenge lies in interpreting the significance and universal applicability of the data. Acknowledgments. This study was funded by Intereg IV A proj- ect Urban Transition Öresund and VINNOVA. We thank our colleagues Cecil Konijnendijk and Thomas B. Randrup for useful comments. LITERATURE CITED Colding, J., and J. Marcus. 2013. Ekosystemtjänster i Stockholms- regionen: Ett underlag för diskussion och planering (Ecosystem services in Stockholm: A basis for discussion and planning). Stockholm, Tillväxt, miljö och regionplanering, Stockholms läns landsting. Dobbs, C., F.J. Escobedo, and W.C. Zipperer. 2011. A framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indica- tors. Landscape and Urban Planning 99:196–206. Escobedo, F.J., T. Kroeger, and J.E. Wagner. 2011. Urban forests and pollution mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services and disser- vices. Environmental Pollution 159:2078–2087. Gómez-Baggethun, E., and D.N. Barton. 2013. Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Eco- nomics 86:235–245. Delshammar et al.: Urban Trees and Ecosystems Disservices Lyytimäki, J. 2014. Bad nature: Newspaper representations of ecosys- tem disservices. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13:418–424 Lyytimäki, J., and M. Sipilä. 2009. Hopping on one leg—The chal- lenge of ecosystem disservices for urban green management. Urban Forestry &Urban Greening 8:309–315. MEA. 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 160 pp. Östberg, J., M. Martinsson, Ö. Stål, and A.M. Fransson. 2012. Risk of root intrusion by tree and shrub species into sewer pipes in Swed- ish urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:65–71. Plieninger, T., S. Dijks, E. Oteros-Rozas, and C. Bieling. 2013. Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level. Land Use Policy 33:118–129. Randrup, T.B., and B. Persson. 2009. Public green spaces in the Nordic countries: Development of a new strategic management regime. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 8:31–40. Roy, S., J. Byrne, and C. Pickering. 2012. A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:351–363. SOU. 2013:68. Synliggöra värdet av ekosystemtjänster: åtgärder för välfärd genom biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster: betänkande (Highlight the value of ecosystem services: Measures for wellfare by means of biodiversity and ecosystem services: report). Stockholm, Fritze. Statistics Sweden. 2012. Svenskt valdeltagande under hundra år (One hundred years of Swedish voter turnout). Stockholm, Statistiska centralbyrån. TEEB. 2010. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodivesity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB. Villa, F., K.J. Bagstad, B. Voigt, G.W. Johnson, I.N. Athanasiadis, and S. Balbi. 2014. The misconception of ecosystem disservices: How a catchy term may yield the wrong messages for science and society. Ecosystem Services 10:52–53. Tim Delshammar (corresponding author) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Landscape Architecture, Planning, and Management P.O. Box 66 Alnarp 23053, Sweden Johan Östberg Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Landscape Architecture, Planning, and Management Alnarp, Sweden Cecilia Öxell Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Landscape Architecture, Planning, and Management Alnarp, Sweden ©2015 International Society of Arboriculture
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