330 tree height varied greatly for some measurements. Further, the findings demonstrate that measurements of tree height of conifers under all 3 methods are more accurate and precise than tree height measure- ments of broadleaf trees. This research is applicable to the evaluation of suitable mensuration techniques for the determination of tree height. The use of the stick method, which remains an informal mensuration practice among loggers and arborists, can be considered reasonably accurate within +/− 1.5 m and may be considered an affordable, accessible option for determining the felling radius when used according to established procedures. These findings may also be helpful in field-based education, demonstrating the accuracy of various meth- ods in an urban forest context. Because of the adoption of rangefinders in more recent inventories, this research demonstrates how technology has increased the accuracy of measure- ments in urban forest inventories. Analyses of com- mon field-based practices are important to promoting applicable standards of practice, and this research helps validate the use of common handheld appara- tuses for tree height measurements for varying contexts. LITERATURE CITED Asner GP, Palace M, Keller M, Pereira R, Silva JNM, Zweede JC. 2002. Estimating canopy structure in an Amazon forest from laser range finder and IKONOS satellite observations. Biotrop- ica. 34(4):483-492. https://doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2002) 034[0483:Ecsiaa]2.0.Co;2 Binot J-M, Pothier D, Lebel J. 1995. Comparison of relative accuracy and time requirement between the caliper, the diame- ter tape and an electronic tree measuring fork. The Forestry Chronicle. 71(2):197-200. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc71197-2 Canadian Institute of Forestry. 2014. How tall is this tree? Using a clinometer to measure tree height. Mottawa (ON, Canada): Canadian Institute of Forestry. 1 p. Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers. 2020. Guide for plant appraisal. 10th Ed, Revised. Atlanta (GA, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. 170 p. Dunster JA, Smiley ET, Matheny N, Lilly S. 2017. Tree risk assessment manual. 2nd Ed. Champaign (IL, USA): Interna- tional Society of Arboriculture. 194 p. Fite K, Smiley ET. 2016. Best management practices—Managing trees during construction. 2nd Ed. Champaign (IL, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. 38 p. Graham JM. 2006. Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 66(6):930-944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164406288165 Harrison B, Martin TE, Mustari AH. 2020. The accuracy of volunteer surveyors for obtaining tree measurements in ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture Martin: Accuracy and Precision of Tree Height Measurement Tools tropical forests. Ambio. 49:98-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13280-019-01147-4 IBM Corp. 2020. IBM SPSS statistics for Windows. Version 28.0.0.0. Armonk (NY, USA): IBM Corp. https://www.ibm .com/analytics/spss-statistics-software Jones T, Marzen L, Chappelka A. 2016. Mapping, modeling, and estimating tree measurements of urban tree canopy structure using terrestrial LiDAR scanning. Papers in Applied Geo- graphy. 2(2):236-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/23754931.2015 .1114512 Jurjević L, Liang XL, Gašparović M, Balenović I. 2020. Is field- measured tree height as reliable as believed—Part II, a com- parison study of tree height estimates from conventional field measurement and low-cost close-range remote sensing in a deciduous forest. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 169:227-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .isprsjprs.2020.09.014 Kozak A, Kozak RA, Staudhammer CL, Watts SB. 2008. Intro- ductory probability and statistics: Applications for forestry and natural sciences. Wallingford (UK): CABI. 408 p. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845932756.0000 Lilly SJ, Bassett CG, Komen J, Purcell L. 2022. Arborists’ certifi- cation study guide. 4th Ed. Atlanta (GA, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. 468 p. Lilly SJ, Gilman EF, Smiley ET. 2019. Best management practices—Pruning. 3rd Ed. Atlanta (GA, USA): International Society of Arboriculture. 63 p. Liu CJ. 1995. Using portable laser EDM for forest traverse sur- veys. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25(5):753-766. https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-083 Luoma V, Saarinen N, Wulder MA, White JC, Vastaranta M, Holopainen M, Hyyppä J. 2017. Assessing precision in con- ventional field measurements of individual tree attributes. Forests. 8(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8020038 Ma B, Hauer RJ, Östberg J, Koeser AK, Wei H, Xu C. 2021. A global basis of urban tree inventories: What comes first the inventory or the program. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 60:127087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127087 Microsoft. 2021. Microsoft Excel. Version 2107. Redmond (WA, USA): Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ microsoft-365/excel Nikon Vision Co., Ltd. [date unknown]. Forestry Pro II: Instruc- tion manual/Manuel d’utilisation. Melville (NY, USA): Nikon. 56 p. https://download.nikonimglib.com/archive4/ I8qvv0007FeR04Xynb737sFDtk65/902C_2_1907_Forestry _Pro_II_LRF_prCN_dl(2B)2.pdf Pace R, Masini E, Giuliarelli D, Biagiola L, Tomao A, Guidolotti G, Agrimi M, Portoghesi L, De Angelis P, Calfapietra C. 2022. Tree measurements in the urban environment: Insights from traditional and digital field instruments to smartphone applications. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 48(2):113-123. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2022.009 Parmehr EG, Amati M, Taylor EJ, Livesley SJ. 2016. Estimation of urban tree canopy cover using random point sampling and remote sensing methods. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 20:160-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.011 Rheinhardt RD, Lukas L, Vohoska T, White C. 2013. Annual vegetation monitoring report for integrated training area
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