342 (Krausert 1998). On a smaller and more local scale, Harrison’s role as the provost’s wife resembles that of the nation’s First Lady during this time. The urban greening efforts of Harrison and other elite women occurred, in part, because of the privi- lege afforded to these women. The roles of non-elite women, such as women of color and immigrant women, are absent from our research, which is repre- sentative of the general trend in other scholarship about this period in urban greening history (Campan- ella 2003). While some recent investigations have highlighted the role of women of color in the latter part of the 20th century in urban tree planting (Düm- pelmann 2019), further research is needed about the roles of diverse communities in urban greening. As we have demonstrated through the stories of Ellen Harrison and her contemporaries in Philadel- phia and beyond, women have historically been cru- cial actors in urban greening, although their work has been largely overlooked. The natural resources fields have been historically male-dominated in North America, and this trend continues today despite the significant roles women have played (Bardekjian et al. 2019). Indeed, women are still underrepresented in urban forestry and arboriculture and have faced prejudice, discrimination, and sexual harassment in the industry (Bardekjian 2016; Bardekjian et al. 2019). However, this workplace environment is trans- forming as more women pursue careers in urban for- estry (Bardekjian 2016). At the same time, unpaid labor continues to be a major component of many urban forestry programs (Hauer et al. 2018), with women and white residents often overrepresented among volunteers (Johnson et al. 2018), although some urban greening programs also rely on the unpaid labor of women of color (Riedman 2021). Further research is needed to uncover the roles that diverse women volunteers have played (and continue to play today) in urban greening and urban forestry history, and the ways in which this unpaid labor pool intersects with paid professionals. CONCLUSION Harrison’s story demonstrates her exceptional unpaid engagement in tree planting and landscape beautifica- tion on the University of Pennsylvania campus, in Philadelphia, and beyond. Her influence and contri- butions to early urban greening and urban forestry are emblematic of broader trends in the USA. Women ©2022 International Society of Arboriculture McNulty and Roman: Forgotten Contributions who volunteered their efforts towards urban greening projects found these roles to fall within what was considered appropriate for their gender, an extension of their perceived feminine interests and abilities. While women who were involved in landscape plant- ing projects were generally unpaid, they did not stand on the periphery of such projects, but rather on the forefront. Although Charles said, “what Mrs. Harri- son has done for the University will never be known,” this paper brings her contributions to light (The Uni- versity Archives and Records Center 1910). LITERATURE CITED Adams A. 1996. Architecture in the family way: Doctors, houses, and women, 1870–1900. Montreal (Canada): McGill-Queen’s University Press. 240 p. Armstrong R. 2012. Green space in the gritty city: The planning and development of Philadelphia’s park system, 1854–1929 [dissertation]. Bethlehem (PA, USA): Lehigh University. 234 p. https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/islandora/object/ preserve%3Abp-3902960 Baratta EA. 2002. The performance of history and design in Paul Cret’s Rittenhouse Square [master’s thesis]. Philadelphia (PA, USA): University of Pennsylvania. 326 p. https://repository .upenn.edu/hp_theses/320 Bardekjian AC. 2016. Towards social arboriculture: Arborists’ perspectives on urban forest labour in Southern Ontario, Canada. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 19:255-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.10.014 Bardekjian AC, Nesbitt L, Konijnendijk CC, Lötter BT. 2019. Women in urban forestry and arboriculture: Experiences, barriers and strategies for leadership. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 46:126442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug .2019.126442 Campanella TJ. 2003. Republic of shade: New England and the American elm. New Haven (CT, USA): Yale University Press. 228 p. Civic Club of Philadelphia. 1959. Civic Club of Philadelphia records. Civic club general meeting minutes, 1893–1907. Collection no. 1813. 61 volumes; 1 box; 8 feet. Located at: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. https://discover.hsp.org/Record/ead-1813/ Description#tabnav Cronon W. 1996. The trouble with wilderness: Or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History. 1(1):7-28. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3985059 Dudley S, Goddard DR. 1973. Joseph T. Rothrock and forest conservation. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117(1):37-50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/985946 Dümpelmann S. 2015. Designing the ‘shapely city’: Women, trees, and the city. Journal of Landscape Architecture. 10(2):6-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2015.1058560 Dümpelmann S. 2019. Seeing trees: A history of street trees in New York City and Berlin. New Haven (CT, USA): Yale Uni- versity Press. 336 p.
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