Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(2): March 2007 95 • Giving trees adequate aerial space considering their crown size when mature. Recommendations for managing established trees include: • Having tree health evaluated and removing hazard trees; • Considering removing trees that are on the “lowest wind resistance” list, especially if they are overmature and endangering life or property; • Establishing a regular structural pruning program (espe- cially for dicots); • Not overpruning palms, especially before a hurricane; palms only need to have dead or dying leaves removed; • Being aware of possible root damage (and lack of an- choring) when construction has resulted in sidewalks or trenches near the roots of trees; • Avoiding damage to the trunk of the tree (e.g., mechani- cal weed control damage); and • Consulting with an ISA-Certified Arborist. Acknowledgments. This project was partially funded by the Florida Department of Transportation. We are grateful to Jeff English and Meghan Brennan for help in the field and during the statistical analyses and Rick Joyce for his support of this study. LITERATURE CITED Barry, P.J., C. Doggett, R.L. Anderson, and K.M. Swain Sr. 1993. How to evaluate and manage storm-damaged forest areas. Management Bulletin R8-MB 63 of the USDA For- est Service, Southern Region. Atlanta, GA. 11 pp. Batista, W.B., and W.J. Platt. 2003. Tree population re- sponses to hurricane disturbance: Syndromes in a south- eastern USA old-growth forest. Ecology 91:197–212. Cremer, K.W., C.J. Borough, F.H. McKinnell, and P.R. Carter. 1982. Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12:244–268. Curtis, J.D. 1943. Some observations on wind damage. Jour- nal of Forestry 41:877–882. Duryea, M.L. 1997. Wind and trees: Surveys of tree damage in the Florida Panhandle after Hurricanes Erin and Opal. Circular 1183 of the University of Florida Coop- erative Extension Service. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ (ac- cessed 3/8/06). Gainesville, FL. 7 pp. Duryea, M.L., G.M. Blakeslee, W.G. Hubbard, and R.A. Vasquez. 1996. Wind and trees: A survey of homeowners after Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Arboriculture 22: 44–50. Everham, E.M. III, and N.V.L. Brokaw. 1996. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. Botanical Review 62:113–185. Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbook—Wood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR- 113 of the USDA Forest Service Forest Products Labo- ratory. Madison, WI. 463 pp. Foster, D.R. 1988. Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology 76:135–151. Fox, A.M., D.R. Gordon, J.A. Dusky, L. Tyson, and R.K. Stocker. 2005. IFAS assessment of the status of non- native plants in Florida’s natural areas. SS-AGR-225 of the University of Florida IFAS Cooperative Extension Service. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/assessment.html (ac- cessed 3/8/06). Gainesville, FL. 27 pp. Francis, J.K. 2000. Comparison of hurricane damage to sev- eral species of urban trees in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Jour- nal of Arboriculture 26:189–197. Francis, J.K., and A.J.R. Gillespie. 1993. Relating gust speed to tree damage in Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Journal of Ar- boriculture 19:368–372. Gilman, E. 2005. Tree selection for landscapes. Web site with 680 Tree Fact Sheets: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/ planting/TreeSelectionIntroduction.htm (accessed 3/8/06) of the University of Florida Cooperative Extension Ser- vice. Gainesville, FL. Glitzenstein, J.S., and P.A. Harcombe. 1988. Effects of the December 1983 tornado on forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas, USA. Forest ecology and man- agement 25:269–290. Gresham, C.A., T.M. Williams, and D.J. Lipscomb. 1991. Hurricane Hugo wind damage to Southeastern U.S. coastal forest tree species. Biotropica 23(4) (Part A. Spe- cial Issue: Ecosystem, Plant, and Animal Responses to Hurricanes in the Caribbean):420–426. Harris, R.W., J.R. Clark, and N.P. Matheny. 2004. Arbori- culture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. 4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 580 pp. Hightshoe, G.L. 1988. Native trees, shrubs, and vines for urban and rural America: A planting design manual for environmental designers. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. 819 pp. Hook, D.D., M.A. Buford, and T.M. Williams. 1991. Impact of Hurricane Hugo on the South Carolina coastal plain forest. Journal of Coastal Research (Special issue) 8: 291–300. Jim, C.Y., and H.H.T. Liu. 1997. Storm damage on urban trees in Guangzhou, China. Landscape and Urban Plan- ning 38:45–59. King, H.C. 1945. Notes on the three cyclones in Mauritius in 1945: Their effect on exotic plantations, indigenous forest and on some timber buildings. The Empire Forestry Jour- nal 24:192–195. Kormanik, P. 1990. Liquadambar styraciflua, sweetgum. In: Silvics of North America: 2. Hardwoods. Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala, Tech. Coords. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/ ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture
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