98 Duryea et al.: Hurricanes and the Urban Forest, II Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(2):98–112. Hurricanes and the Urban Forest: II. Effects on Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species Mary L. Duryea, Eliana Kampf, Ramon C. Littell, and Carlos D. Rodríguez-Pedraza Abstract. In 1998 when Hurricane Georges (177 km/h) crossed over the entire island of Puerto Rico, and in 2004 when Hurricanes Jeanne (193 km/h) and Charley (233 km/h) struck south Florida, U.S., we measured the impacts of these hurricanes on the urban forest composed of tropical and subtropical species. In addition, we also used previous published data for Hurricane Andrew for some analyses. The percent urban forest loss ranged from 13% for Georges to 16% for Jeanne to 18% for Charley. In Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley, palms survived significantly better than all other trees. Some of the best surviving species in Florida’s hurricanes were gumbo limbo (Bursera simarouba), sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), strangler fig (Ficus aurea), live oak (Quercus virginiana), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). Of the species measured in Puerto Rico, the species with the highest survival and least branch damage were Santa Maria (Calophyllum calaba), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), schefflera (Schefflera actinophylla), and West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahogani). Losing leaves during these hurricanes had no relationship with how well trees survived. In Hurricanes Jeanne, Charley, and Georges, 3%, 4%, and 11%, respectively, of the trees that fell damaged property. Native tree species survived better than exotic species in Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley but not in Hurricane Georges. Trees growing in groups had greater survival and less branch loss in Hurricane Jeanne than those growing individually. Wood density was not related to survival or branch loss for tree species in Hurricanes Jeanne, Charley, Georges, or Andrew. Two other measurements of wood strength, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, were related to survival and branch loss in Jeanne but not Charley. Tree species with dense crowns had greater survival and less branch loss than moderate- or open-crowned species. Tree species with decurrent growth form survived better than excurrent trees in Hurricane Jeanne with no difference in Charley. Trees with the most rooting space (>7 m2 ) had the lowest branch loss and the greatest survival in Hurricane Georges. A reanalysis of seven dicot species and their survival in Hurricane Andrew showed that survival for pruned trees was 73% compared with 47% for unpruned trees. A survey of 85 arborists, scientists, and urban foresters ranked species for their wind resistance. Using our results from hurricanes and incorporating results from the survey and the scientific literature, we have developed lists of relative wind resistance for tropical and subtropical tree species. These lists are presented with the caveat that no tree is completely windproof and that other factors such as soil conditions, wind intensity, cultural practices, and tree health and age also contribute to wind firmness. Key Words. Rooting space; urban trees; wind; wind resistance; wood density. Since 1992 when Hurricane Andrew struck south Florida, we have been studying the impacts of hurricanes on tropical and subtropical urban forests (Duryea et al. 1996). In 1998 when Hurricane Georges crossed over the entire island of Puerto Rico and then again in 2004 when Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley struck south Florida, we continued with these urban tree measurements. The urban forest loss for these four hur- ricanes combined with hurricanes striking the southeastern coastal plain is reported in an accompanying article in this issue (Duryea et al. 2007). Hurricanes striking the subtropical and tropical regions of Florida and Puerto Rico, with their varied wind speeds, gave us the opportunity to study over 60 species and their comparable responses to wind. This study reports on and synthesizes the types of tree damage, possible reasons for damage, and ways to avert damage in the fu- ture for tropical and subtropical tree species in urban forests. ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture When combined with the coastal plain hurricanes and Hur- ricane Andrew, urban forest loss for eight hurricanes was positively correlated with wind speed (r2 0.80) Duryea et al. (2007). The analysis illustrates a nonlinear relationship between urban forest lost and wind speed. The high r2 value indicates that we are able to reasonably predict the urban forest loss given the maximum sustained wind speed of a hurricane. Studies of hurricane force winds and their impact on trees have centered on natural and plantation forest ecosystems. A handful of studies have looked at tropical and subtropical urban forest responses to wind (Francis and Gillespie 1993; Duryea et al. 1996; Jim and Liu 1997; Francis 2000). The results have indicated that in addition to species differences in wind resistance, other biophysical factors such as topography, soil characteristics, wind speed, tree health, and age deter- mine the response of an urban forest ecosystem to wind.
March 2007
| Title Name |
Pages |
Delete |
Url |
| Empty |
Search Text Block
Page #page_num
#doc_title
Hi $receivername|$receiveremail,
$sendername|$senderemail wrote these comments for you:
$message
$sendername|$senderemail would like for you to view the following digital edition.
Please click on the page below to be directed to the digital edition:
$thumbnail$pagenum
$link$pagenum
Your form submission was a success. You will be contacted by Washington Gas with follow-up information regarding your request.
This process might take longer please wait
