Table of Contents Mary L. Duryea, Eliana Kampf, Ramon C. Littell, and Carlos D. Rodríguez-Pedraza Hurricanes and the Urban Forest: II. Effects on Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species ..................................................................................................98 Abstract. In 1998 when Hurricane Georges (177 km/h) crossed over the entire island of Puerto Rico, and in 2004 when Hurricanes Jeanne (193 km/h) and Charley (233 km/h) struck south Florida, U.S., we measured the impacts of these hurricanes on the urban forest composed of tropical and subtropical species. In addition, we also used previous published data for Hurricane Andrew for some analyses. The percent urban forest loss ranged from 13% for Georges to 16% for Jeanne to 18% for Charley. In Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley, palms survived significantly better than all other trees. Some of the best surviving species in Florida’s hurricanes were gumbo limbo (Bursera simarouba), sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), strangler fig (Ficus aurea), live oak (Quercus virginiana), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). Of the species measured in Puerto Rico, the species with the highest survival and least branch damage were Santa Maria (Calophyllum calaba), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), schefflera (Schefflera actinophylla), and West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahogani). Losing leaves during these hurricanes had no relationship with how well trees survived. In Hurricanes Jeanne, Charley, andGeorges, 3%, 4%, and 11%, respectively, of the trees that fell damaged property. Native tree species survived better than exotic species in Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley but not in Hurricane Georges. Trees growing in groups had greater survival and less branch loss in Hu ricane Jeanne than those growing individually. Wood density was not related to survival or branch loss for tree species in Hurricanes Jeanne, Charley, Georges, or Andrew. Two other measurements of wood strength, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, were rela edto survival and branch loss in Jeanne but not Charley. Tree species with dense crowns had greater survival and less branch loss than mo erate- or open-crowned species. Tree species with decurrent growth form survived better than excurrent trees in Hurricane Jeanne with no difference in Charley. Trees with the most rooting space (>7 m2 ) had the lowest branch loss and the greatest survival in Hurricane Georges. A reanalysis of seven dicot species and their survival in Hurricane Andrew showed that survival for pruned trees was 73% compared with 47% for unpruned trees. A survey of 85 arborists, scientists, and urban foresters ranked species for their wind resistance. Using our results from hurricanes and incorporating results from the survey and the scientific literature, we have developed lists of relative wind resistance for tropical and subtropical tree species. These lists are presented with the caveat that no tree is completely wind- proof and that other factors such as soil conditions, wind intensity, cultural practices, and tree health and age also contribute to wind firmness. Key Words. Rooting Space; Urban Trees; Wind; Wind Resistance; Wood Density. Susan D. Day and J. Roger Harris Fertilization of Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and Littleleaf Linden (Tilia cordata) Trees at Recommended Rates Does Not Aid Tree Establishment ...........................................................................113 Abstract. Landscape trees typically grow slowly for several years aſter transplanting. We investigated whether fertilization could speed tree growth during this establishment period, which fertilization regimes were most effective, and whether fertilization interacted with irriga- tion. Fiſty-four each of landscape-sized, balled-and-burlapped red maple (Acer rubrum) and littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata) were planted into a rel tively infertile silt loam soil and were fertilized (1.5 kg N/100 m2 [3 lb N/1000 ſt2 ]) each spring (either including or not includ- ing at planting), each fall, or not fertilized. Each of these fertilizer regimes was either irrigated or not irrigated during 3 years. An addi- tional treatment of an uni rigated, split (spring/fall) fertilizer application was included. There was no evidence that fertilization affected irri- gated trees differently than uni rigated trees. Overall, fertilization did not speed establishment and did not affect trunk growth, shoot extension, or leaf nitrogen content. There was no evidence that fall fertilization might be more effective than spring fertilization. There was no indication that fertilized trees experienced increased drought stress. Nitrogen rates and factors affecting fertilize uptake are discussed. Key Words. Fertilization; Nitrogen; Transplanting; Tree Establishment; Urban Forestry; Urban Soils. A.H. Nelson and G.W. Hudler A Summary of North American Hardwood Tree Diseases with Bleeding Canker Symptoms ............................ 122 Abstract. Although the presence of bleeding cankers on deciduous trees may raise fears of the presence of Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death, other pathogens also cause similar symptoms. This review of hardwood tree diseases with bleeding canker symptoms provides an overview of available information of these diseases, providing a diagnosis guide as well as a stimulus for continued research in these areas. Key Words. Bacterial Cankers; Phytophthora; Plant Health Care; Ramorum Blight; Sudden Oak Death; Tree Pathology. ©2007 | International Society of Arboriculture | ISSN:1935-5297
March 2007
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