Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(2): March 2007 137 Table 4. Diameters of pruning wound surfaces for the three pruning treatmentsz . Treatments (no.) Range Mean wound diameter (cm) Flush cut unpainted (III) 4.1 to 17.0 7.8a Flush cut painted (IV) 4.8 to 8.1 6.6ab Shigo cut (V) 2.8 to 8.1 5.3b Standard error 1.3568 0.3908 0.5283 zMean wound diameters followed by different letters are significantly dif- ferent, P 0.10. dations for oak wilt prevention in Texas. Intentional wound- ing of oaks in high-risk areas for infection by C. fagacearum should be limited to seasons when fungal mats are not form- ing and the nitidulid populations are minimal. In Texas, 1 February through 1 June are considered to be an undesirable times to prune trees, but, as a result of climatic variation, caution should be exercised during other periods as well. Pruning paints and proper pruning are considered to be im- portant measures to further minimize the likelihood of an infection and promote tree health. IMPLICATIONS FOR ARBORICULTURE Controversy has existed for years in the arboriculture profes- sion concerning the value of applying wound dressings to pruning cuts as an effective deterrent to the spread of Cera- tocystic fagacearum. This study article discusses much of the research that has led to the current controversy and provides valuable new evidence supporting the need to apply pruning paints to all wounds on susceptible trees in areas with oak wilt. Acknowledgments. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the authors or Texas A&M University of the products named nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. We acknowledge the technical assistance of the following Texas A&M University collaborators: Mr. Thomas Kurdyla, technician, and Mr. Jeff Lehde, graduate student. LITERATURE CITED Ambourn, A.K., J. Juzwik, and R.D. Moon. 2005. Seasonal dispersal of the oak wilt fungus by Colopterus truncatus and Carpophilus sayi in Minnesota. Plant Disease 89: 1067–1076. Appel, D.N. 2001. The basics of oak wilt biology and factors influencing disease incidence and severity, pp. 71–81. In Shad Tree Wilt Diseases. Ash, C.L., Ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 257 pp. Appel, D.N., R.S. Cameron, A.D. Wilson, and J.D. Johnson. 1995. How to identify and manage oak wilt in Texas. How-to SR-1 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station; New Orleans, LA. 7 pp. Appel, D.N., T. Kurdyla, and R. Lewis. 1990. Nitidulids as vectors of the oak wilt fungus and other Ceratocystis spp. in Texas. European Journal of Forest Pathology 20: 412–417. Appel, D.N., R. Peters, and R. Lewis. 1987. Tree suscepti- bility, inoculum availability, and potential vectors in a Texas oak wilt center. Journal of Arboriculture 13: 169–173. Biggs, A.R. 1990. Managing wound-associated diseases by understanding wound healing in the bark of woody plants. Journal of Arboriculture 16:108–112. Bonello, P. 2001. Oak wilt. Ohio State University Extension Factsheet HYG-3306-01. Ohio State University, Colum- bus, OH. 4 pp. Cummings-Carlson, J., and A.J. Martin. 2005. Lake State Woodlands oak wilt management—what are the options? Publication No. G3590. University of Wisconsin Coop- erative Extension, Madison, WI. Curl, E.A. 1955. Natural availability of oak wilt inocula. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 26: 277–323. Davis, S.H. Jr., and J.L. Peterson. 1973. A tree wound dress- ing to prevent spread of the Ceratocystis causing canker stain of the planetree. Plant Disease Report 57:28–30. Drake, C.R., J.E. Kuntz, and A.S. Riker. 1958. Tree Wounds and Long Distance Spread of Oak Wilt. Forest Research Note. Wisconsin College of Agriculture 39. 3 pp. Eisner, N.J., E.F. Gilman, and J.C. Grabosky. 2002a. Branch morphology impacts compartmentalization of pruning wounds. Journal of Arboriculture 28:96–102. Eisner, N.J., E.F. Gilman, J.C. Grabosky, and R.C. Beeson Jr. 2002b. Branch junction characteristics affect segmenta- tion in red maple. Journal of Arboriculture 28:245–251. French, D.W., and J. Juzwik. 1999 (revised). Oak wilt in Minnesota. Extension publication MI-3174-GO. Minne- sota Extension Service, St. Paul, MN. 5 pp. Gibbs, J.N. 1980. Role of Ceratocystis piceae in preventing infection by Ceratocystis fagacearum in Minnesota. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74: 171–174. Gibbs, J.N., and D.W. French. 1980. The Transmission of Oak Wilt. USDA Forest Service Research Paper, NC-185. 17 pp. Green, D.J., W.C. Shortle, and A.L. Shigo. 1981. Compart- mentalization of discolored and decayed wood in red maple branch stubs. Forest Science 27:519–522. Gupta, G.K., and R.K. Agarwala. 1972. Effectivity of wound dressing in the control of apple tree canker (Cylindrocar- pon mali). Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathol- ogy 2:91–92. Herring, H.G., V.J. Rudolph, and W.A. Lemmien. 1958. Wound area as influenced by closeness of pruning. Jour- nal of Forestry 56:219–220. ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture
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