Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33(2): March 2007 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2007. 33(2):157–158. 157 ARBORICULTURAL ABSTRACTS GREEN URBAN POLITICAL ECOLOGIES: TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF INNER-CITY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Nik Heynen This research uses a Marxist urban political ecology frame- work to link processes of urban environmental metabolization explicitly to the consumption fund of the built environment. Instead of reinventing the wheel, I argue in this paper that Marxist notions of metabolism are ideal for investigating ur- ban environmental change and the production of uneven ur- ban environments. In so doing, I argue that despite the em- beddedness of Harvey’s circuits of capital within urban po- litical economy, these connected notions still have a great deal to offer regarding better understanding relations between consumption and metabolization of urban environments. From this theoretical perspective, I investigate urban socio- natural metabolization as a function of the broader socioeco- nomic processes related to urban restructuring within the USA between 1962 and 1993 in the Indianapolis inner-city urban forest. The research examines the relations between changes in household income and changes in urban forest canopy cover. The results of the research indicate that there was a significant decline over time in the Indianapolis urban forest canopy and that median household was related to these changes, thus demonstrating a concrete example of urban environmental metabolization. (Environment & Planning A 2006. 38(3):499–516) RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF HABITAT QUANTITY, STRUCTURE, AND SPATIAL PATTERN TO BIRDS IN URBANIZING ENVIRONMENTS Roarke Donnelly and John Marzluff Urbanization reduces the quantity of native vegetation and alters its local structure and regional spatial pattern. These changes cause local extirpations of bird species associated with native vegetation and increases in the abundance and number of bird species associated with human activity. We used 54–1 km2 landscapes in the Seattle, Washington, USA metropolitan area to determine (1) the relative importance of habitat quantity, structure, and pattern to bird diversity and abundance and (2) whether housing developments can be managed to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization on forest bird diversity. In general, bird species richness was high and many native forest species were retained where urban landcover comprised less than 52% of the landscape, tree density (especially that of evergreens) remained at least 9.8 trees/ha in developments, and forest was at least 64% aggregated across the landscape. These results suggest that the quantity, structure, and pattern of forested habitat affected breeding bird diversity in urbanizing landscapes. However, habitat pattern appeared less influential than other habitat attributes when results from all community- and population- level analyses were considered. Conservation of native birds in reserves can be supplemented by managing the amount, composition, structural complexity, and—to a lesser extent— arrangement of vegetation in neighborhoods. (Urban Ecosys- tems 2006. 9(2):99–117) EFFECTIVENESS OF BIFENTHRIN (ONYX) AND CARBARYL (SEVIN SL) FOR PROTECTING INDIVIDUAL, HIGH-VALUE CONIFERS FROM BARK BEETLE ATTACK (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE) IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Christopher J. Fettig, Kurt K. Allen, Robert R. Borys, John Christopherson, Christopher P. Dabney, Thomas J. Eager, Kenneth E. Gibson, Elizabeth G. Hebertson, Daniel F. Long, A. Steven Munson, Patrick J. Shea, Sheri L. Smith, and Michael I. Haverty High-value trees, such as those located in residential, recre- ational, or administrative sites, are particularly susceptible to bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) attack as a result of increased amounts of stress associated with drought, soil compaction, mechanical injury, or vandalism. Tree losses in these unique environments generally have a substantial impact. The value of these individual trees, cost of removal, and loss of esthetics may justify protection until the main thrust of a bark beetle infestation subsides. This situa- tion emphasizes the need for ensuring that effective insecti- cides are available for individual tree protection. In this study, we assess the efficacy of bifenthrin (Onyx) and carbaryl (Sevin SL) for protecting: ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws., from western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, in California; mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in South Dakota; and Ips spp. in Arizona; lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., from D. ponderosae in Montana; pinyon, Pinus edulis Engelm. in Colorado and Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. in Nevada from pinyon ips, Ips confusus (LeConte); and Engel- mann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. from ©2007 International Society of Arboriculture
March 2007
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