Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(3): May 2019 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2019. 45(3):85–99 URBAN FORESTRY ARBORICULTURE Scientific Journal of the International Society of Arboriculture & Growth and Physiology Vary Little Among North American, an Asian, and a North American x Asian Hybrid Ash in a Common Garden in Ohio, U.S.A Laurel J. Haavik and Daniel A. Herms Abstract. The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) invasion of North America has increased interest in ash (Fraxinus, Oleaceae) phylogeny, ecology, and physiology. In a common garden in central Ohio, we compared the performance of three North American ash cultivars that are highly susceptible to EAB (F. pennsylvanica ‘Patmore,’ F. americana ‘Autumn Purple,’ and F. nigra ‘Fall Gold’), one North American species that is less susceptible to EAB (F. quadrangulata), and two taxa that are resistant to EAB (F. mandshurica and F. mand- shurica × F. nigra ‘Northern Treasure’). During the 2015 growing season, we measured diameter growth, foliar N concentration, specific leaf area, and on four dates (two with adequate and two with low precipitation) we measured CO2 intercellular CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs concentration (Ci ), ), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), variable fluorescence (Fv’/Fm’: efficiency of energy har- vested by open photosystem II reaction centers), and the fraction of photons absorbed by photosystem II that were used for photosynthesis (ɸPSII). F. pennsylvanica grew fastest and on most sampling dates was superior in physiological performance (A, gs , and ɸPSII). Generally, however, there was little interspecific variation in growth and physiology among the different ash taxa tested, as all performed well. This sug- gests that the EAB-resistant F. mandshurica and F. mandshurica × F. nigra hybrid, as well as the moderately resistant blue ash, are as physio- logically well-suited to growing conditions in the Midwestern United States as green and white ash cultivars that had been widely planted prior to the EAB invasion. Keywords. Emerald Ash Borer; North American x Asian Ash Hybrid; Plant Performance; Tree Ecophysiology. 85 Ash (Fraxinus, Oleaceae) is one of the most widely distributed tree genera in North America, with white (F. americana), green (F. pennsylvanica), black (F. nigra), and blue ash (F. quadrangulata) being the most common species in eastern North American for- ests (MacFarlane and Meyer 2005). Furthermore, prior to the emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, Coleoptera: Buprestidae) invasion, green and white ash cultivars were broadly planted in North American urban forests because of their wide envi- ronmental tolerance (Raupp et al. 2006; Aiello 2012). EAB, a wood-boring beetle native to eastern Asia, was discovered killing ash trees in Michigan, U.S.A. and Ontario, Canada in 2002 (Cappaert et al. 2005). EAB has spread rapidly in North America (Herms and McCullough 2014) where it is causing mortality of healthy as well as stressed trees (Cappaert et al. 2005; Klooster et al. 2014). All North American ash species that EAB has encountered thus far are suscep- tible to the beetle to varying degrees (Villari et al. 2016). There is a clear need to determine whether ash spe- cies and cultivars that are resistant to EAB are also physiologically suited to growing conditions where susceptible species and cultivars grew or were planted. In its native range, EAB is a secondary pest of its coevolved hosts, preferentially colonizing stressed trees (Wei et al. 2007). Manchurian ash (F. mand- shurica), which is a primary host in Asia, has been shown to be highly resistant to EAB in common gar- den studies (Rebek et al. 2008; Herms 2015; Tanis and McCullough 2015), as has the hybrid ‘Northern Treasure’ (Herms 2015), which is a Manchurian ash × black ash (F. nigra) cross (Davidson 1999). Breeding ©2019 International Society of Arboriculture
May 2019
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